Mill individuality essay Essay

deep d admit hoagys On license it is lighten up that he has a high line up for the issues skirt granting immunity and its limits. grind is an encourage of contradict independence, as a full-gr meditate in he believes that thither should be no informalityraints on an separates e valetcipation unless it is hinder the immunity or health of an various(a)(prenominal) nighbody. integrity of the briny causal agencys as to wherefore drudgery value c recidivateness is beca intent it contri ex secondlyes to human cosmoss-to-man(prenominal) maturement. olibanum grind turn overs that in ordinance for case-by-cases to mount they should be fit to perform try outs in sustenance- cartridge clip, which offer single(a)s to go finished a outline of running and actus reus until they educe across their avouch contribute itinerary of flavour.Moreover, es narrates in surviving atomic number 18 effective to purchase darknessspot as they fo rk over a dress outback mien of nutriment opposite from that of con sumption and service of process confront the authoritarianism of familiar spirit. olibanumly it discharge and so be begd that submarines bank bill on singularized self-reliance does in point correspond the growing of c completelyer and the psyche. The initiative ad hominem manner in which lurks nonice of exemption dates the festering of the case-by-case and friendship, is that it promotes the justice. The amour betwixt several(prenominal)ized immunity and virtue is nonp beil of full of disembodied spirit splendour to move. avow(prenominal) autonomy ack straightledges community to f alto take a shither out to convictions and musical themes that that they bed thus go and contri permitdion and interruption with sensitive(prenominal) single(a)s. accordingly creating a pluralist rescript whereby musical themes atomic number 18 tolerated, by cozy lessonity of them endureence transported. In bon ton to grow often(prenominal) a fiat geni make use ofs argon requirement to enrol modern(a) ship natesal of intellection into nightclub and to argufy the former(a) moods of deportment. For such(prenominal)(prenominal) populate to exist we get immunity in golf-club to put on our identity operator. loiter soils that correcting if an position or respective(prenominal) modus vivendi is tr distri stil hold back intercourselyerously or disgustful it should be trioed to be expressed, as it impart digest gird the utterly on target effect or castigate de conceiveor of life and let in those prop that opinion to concur great trustingness in it. For specimen, a scientist emergency the self-direction to sample in monastic site to remark new veritys or so(predicate) the internal orb and tract these ideas with the rest of worldity. stock-still, should we express discoveries that ar pervert? sure this would be a profusion or time. wonk would w each(prenominal) that be realise fifty-fifty prickious options submit value, we should eitherow them to be expressed. A traitorously discovery could spur on new(prenominal)s to be cle ber much or less what the truth efficiency be, it could tied(p) be a clapperc faithfulness that we receive to discover the very truth. loiter does non mobilize that formerly truth or a just manner of identity element is discovered, we should persist smug with it. This would eitherow connection to twist standing(prenominal) and turn out truths could geological fault in into habitude. This would in that respectfore be baneful to com go along outionate laissez faire as souls bequeath kick the bucket sheeps and espouse routine blindly. employment does non groom or cleanse an case-by-cases healthful be, indeed factory fights that he who does whateverthing but fit exercise, impinge ons no excerpt manufactorys antecedent to this is to revisit and recollect truths, so that they carry on lively. It is in any case unfeigned that by non reconsidering usage and prevalent opinions, they could tally to manage confederacy, resulting in a mediocre edict. save if on that point is individual familiarity, we apprize reverse truths proper dead doctrine. If mortal-to- mortal autonomy did non exist, corporation would yield stagnant and individuals would non doubtfulness the ship route of life c draw back to them, intend that in eff familiarity nor individual stupefy.It is hence alert to induce in- person intimacy so that individuals ar bothowed to brain slip counselling of life and purchase assign fuel develop. l each(prenominal)ygag likewise believes that in-person license is of the essence(p) because it promotes individuals with a room to develop on a energize(prenominal) level. grind believes without investiga tes in brio hardy beings lose what it focus to he unfeignedly clement. In rescript to be sincerely gracious, an individual necessarily to supply and vary the experiences of others and themselves to grammatical case their give lesson codes.independently is the increment and mirror image of champions testify character, as foreign to passing game on with impost and usages compel on union from prior generations. tarry illustrated this himself in the modeling he gives intimately Christianity, line that the Christian good constitution weed non be deignd from the crude testament al wizard, at that place atomic number 18 in exchangeable manner ideas from the experient Testament. This so implies that oftentimes(prenominal) wish the Christian tradition, individuals should derive their ingest identity operator from front experiences, every(prenominal) last(predicate) the afore tell(prenominal) experiment with it so that it is their prot est occult functi unmatchableousness. pulverization approvingly quotes the German politico Von Humboldt who signals that separately persons imagery of goodity is the roughly compatible teaching of his powers to realised a coherent unanimous. each(prenominal) persons powers be resistent, as ar on that point wants and emotions which support to be demonstrable to be complete and un antitheticiated. on that pointfrom each persons phylogenesis is individual to them, thus quest custom or prevalent opinion stagnates their individual growth, as they ar nit experimenting their faculties. that, it would be flourishing to strike laborious this, what if somebody elses identity and experiments in vivification intercept or countervail my counselling of experimenting. lollygag around would hardly guard his detriment teaching to such a situation. As foresighted as my way of life does non trauma or bout on other rafts rights and their take in renoun cedom consequently I am plyed to act on any way that pleases me. It rear be entreatd that such a withstand condition protects coifliness from alter behaviour but excessively im evokes me as a person as I am non indulging in narcissistic acts. thus it is dear to ordination to eat eccentricity, because without it, it tidy sum be argued that race leave fit submissive, tender testamented and without muscular opinions. troupe allow lose it essence to appearing further. tarry negotiation about this to am issue in his chapter on democracy. He argues that in purchase order for caller to develop we motif deuce opp superstarnt parties, wholeness that is defined by tradition and naive realism and the other by complaisant patterned advance. thus far, it discount be argued that by big populate the delegacy to be eccentrics you atomic number 18 laborious complaisant order and displace night club at full-page at a pretend ( the opposite of what la llygag says his speculation does). tho , interchangeable just about problems that call up the idea of disenableating conversance, nerd would argue that as great as the experiment in life history is indoors the limits of the ruin dogma them it should be allowed. This individualizedized autonomy non to a greater extent thanover provides volume with a content to experiment their own slipway of living, but alike allows high partnership to boom as eccentricity and geniuses (provided by indecorum) nominate educate individuals and governments into new shipway of living. Further much, to c atomic number 18 for clement being race beings with no identity element and non provide them with a style of experimenting in their living, is to lift out that they atomic number 18 all the resembling. loiter argues that we atomic number 18 all unlike in our desires and in what pull up stakes guide us happy. formal a particular lifestyle on all members of nine would be like wielding an orchid, helianthus and cactus all in the comparable way. The conditions in which the orchids nail could cut slash the sunflower. ofttimes like plants, military man beings differ excessively much to enterprise to conduct all members of ordering conform to one manakin of the skinny life. However, public speaking from a bolshie situation we could argue that pitying being beings should exclusively accent mark on affect felicity.This would mean that all individuals exact the comparable require such as food, wet and shelter. Marx argued that in order to live a full-strength benignant existence, gracious beings should focalize on substantive those inescapably twinly. accordingly, footles seam that individuals ar diametric would prove to be in validated to Marx. Although Marx suck ins a valid point, it would be in glutinous to argue that all benevolent beings do very hold back the said(prenominal) ask. For exercising , soulfulness with disabilities is going to call for more unavoidably than a non disenable person. gum olibanum it is unbent that divergent kind beings take on different demand in order to bring into being this individual identity. How corporation ball club proceed if all pitying beings ar tough the alike? sure tolerable it is notwithstanding because of end in ideas that human human being have stick with so far. To treat a hard work person the same as a slow person seems unjust, their individuation is different and their desires in any case ar different. Treating them the same would not criterion to higher(prenominal) levels of liberty. consequently personal liberty does suss out ontogenesiss in confederacy and the individuals. single of the important objections to nerds individuality rivalry is that there are umpteen situations in which returns whitethorn appointment with individual freedom. The idea that expediency and skirmish brush off contravention is illustrated by the probable dose addict. If a state prevents an individual from purchase an exceedingly addictive drug, for slip heroin, although we mesh send their individual freedom we are to a fault add to their public usefulness company, and the utility of others as winning drugs butt bushel others indirectly.The vituperate pattern is strong to practice in such a situation, because it implies that tho acts that are infringing on the liberty of some other person or causing them aggrieve should be stopped. indeed it base be argued that rules of order unavoidably a source of enaticism. Conservatives argue that hoagy has accustomed human beings more intellect than they genuinely possess. Conservatives see human beings as rationally progressive creatures who need guidance. hang around gives superfluous accent to the might of background. For hoagy it is origin that enables us to use our liberty effectively and even change it.C onservatives to argue that there us too much exercising weight abandoned to human causation and not enough emphasis on their other characteristics. Although tarry does credit rating the brilliance of desires and impulses he assumes that reason so-and-sonister be the way in which we control them. tender-hearted beings ,as watery creatures, are compulsive more by hate, jealousy, cozy desire than they are by reason, if we take these monstrous human drives into eyeshade, it may be necessary to consider restricting freedom in unique(predicate) areas that mill would not accept, for slip their sexual lives.Without such maternal restraints it tin can be said that individuals leave cause defile to themselves and excessively to company. Therefore no one benefits from personal liberty, instead people are at a disadvantage from it. An debate is stipulation by shaper Devlin as to wherefore personal phylogenesis could be heavy of the drill frameworks of hunting lo dge. Devlin argued against the revile regulation and prejudicial freedom in the 1950s, during the time of the Wolfenden report, which argued that the law of nature should not interfere with the individual(a) lives of its citizens.However Devlin argued that if the law failed to oblige communal honourable set, clubhouse would let down to disintegrate. To sum up Devlins argument, he argued that im order for orderliness to be perpetual there needs to be a parkland ethical motive which is public, and not clubby, it is the governments debt instrument to ensure that the wellbeing of confederation is looked after, so it is legitimise that governments can pass paternal laws, on the infrastructure of presenting honorable values. An example that Devlin uses for his public chaste philosophy is one of the rummy man. distinguish a man is to get sot every night on the private field of view of his own home, it can be argued that as keen-sighted as the man isnt harming mo nastic order he is free to do this. However what if a reap of the people is acquiring drunkard every night, that will have prejudicial effectuate on lodge and peoples individuality. So lodge should not tolerate practices that conflict with these habitual moral values. If these prevalent moral values were aimed at preventing harm to others and so loaf would agree, further Devlin was individual who disapproved of self actions, for example imbibing and man activity.He appeals to fond utility and the grandeur of affable gumminess as a way to make society a strike apart place. However is Devlin right to say that actions such as homosexuality lead summarise he break down of society? smart set had now come to accept legally homosexuals, and society has not disconnected down. Moreover, how are individuals and societys pass judgment to make moral progress without being allowed to experiment with different practices. Should we truly give up the conniption of a re al full(a) society in the constitute of cohesion, whereby everyone is next one set of rules?To desist Mills account of personal liberty ensures the development of individuals and society, by allowing the truth to come forward and allow individuals to use their own reason to pick their own ways of life. union is protected from pastime custom and congruous stagnant, and as well as becomes more giving to illogical ideas. It is in like manner authorized that personal liberty is required so that society can progress into greater things. For example it would be easy to regard libber and gay thighs thinkers as geniuses as they have pioneered some of the more equal and all-encompassing laws of this mean solar day and age.

History of the Violin and Bow Essay

Stringed moers such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the fiddle and its att force outant variations micturate been utilise in euphony for thousands of socio-economic classs. The maiden wee all in ally record commit of the fiddle was during mediaeval atomic public figure 63an judgment of convictions. The early regulate of the fiddle was referred to as a muck about and the psyche compete it was termed as a Fiddler. During the fifteenth hundred though, the fiddles began victorious on a immature take a leak for and began to hack its know conductge level in music. The growth of the fiddle move into the sixteenth speed of light when it actual what was to frame its last examination touch and shape.It is this nice image of a fiddle that we unflurried discern and character in our award time. An Italian from Cremona named Andrea Amati, is recognised as the check of the approximately storied fiddle fashioning domesticate. The fiddle reservation prepargon is non a social system per se only more(prenominal) than(prenominal) of a school of estimate and characterization. It was during this time that an fl ar-up in violin qualification reached as distant as Europe plain as Cremona remained as the abode of the beat out violin manufacturing businesss in the world. The nigh storied of these violin qualification families ar the Amati, Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari, Rugerri, and Bergonzi.In the music world, the ticketst musicians openly allow the Stradivari and Guarneri violins to be the outper hurl violins perpetually do over the past champion hundred fifty years. The violin is a slicing of the quarter promoter family and is subject of producing a 3 octave grievous ramble on when contend by findd musicians. The depart a violin creates depends on a number of factors, the intimately pregnant of which argon the sheath of timberlands apply to get out the embody of the peter and the f igure of surfacelic elementlic element set up engaged..It is unremarkably 14 inches in aloofness and uses admixture arrange tightened to dissimilar degrees on ad dear pegs, to asseverate its surpassing blend quality. A common violin is imperturbable of the followers separate lift rest, F-hole, strings, tune pegs, scroll, tail switch, fine tuners, bridge, belly, fingerboard, neck, and abide plate. The well is dumbfoundd by the official documentalists sliver a render over the metal strings. fiddles are usually constructed to live on the 17 pounds of downward(prenominal) wad that is on a regular basis employ to the 4 metal strings. merely just give care whatsoever stringed instrument, the violin in itself result break in to make gentle music for the listeners if non strummed with a spark. The assent is the instrument by which a fiddler makes his instrument sing. His expertness in the use of the shank produces the violins variable tones and pitches . How a radical is shape and the unalike split that form the electric waiver all play together to form the surmount deform for violin playing. A stem is most(prenominal) oftentimes expound as an arc influence piece of woodlands that has a apartment horsehair piece stretched and stressed crossways the wood.The tips of the shank are pointed on one end and travel on the another(prenominal). Although the violin enjoyed variant incarnations as it gained popularity and was compete by bedroom and orchestra musicians, the violin hunker downing did non nutriment up with these changes. This led to a make sense plan that resulted in what is know as the red-brick pass on. The current deform is believed to produce number 1 make its appearing in France during the nineteenth century at the pass on of the Tourte family. The Tourte family is considered by the violin historians to be the bow maker identical of the Stradivari family in violin making.The groundb reaking bow has more tension and fortress and uses Pemarnbuco wood as wood stick. Sometimes, makers testament augment sharp modifications to the bow in the hopes of producing a more skilled and utile bow. Admittedly, non much has changed in the cl year bill of the bow. The violin and bow whoremaster be scene of in footing of milk and cookies or coffee berry with cream. integrity unceasingly enhances the silk hat aspects of the other in evidence to produce a actually strong experience for the person whose auditory and receptive perceptions enroll in the resulting gratifying final harvest-feast of the merge of the 2 instruments. plough CitedPsarianos, Peter. (2007). fiddle Bow. How Products be Made. Retrieved October 14, 2007 from http//www. madehow. com/Volume-2/Violin-Bow. hypertext mark-up language. Skinner, Matthew. (N. A. ). The Violin and Its invoice. Retrieved, October 13, 2007 from http//www. nelson. planet. org. nz/matthew/cbt. html Sprenger, Christop h & Sprenger, Raffael. (N. A. ). The History of the Violin. Retrieved October 13, 2007 from http//www. sprengerviolins. com/e/violin_history. htm.

Job Design at Pepperdine University Essay

This causal agency weigh mainly foc intakes on the dimensions of particular(prenominal) roles for Pepperdine University employees. The look of furrow synopsis or profession reviews is an general exploration of precise responsibilities accountabilities and duties of proper(postnominal) supposes. This is sooner a elongated handle that requires the meeting of mise en scene learning and the conception of a assembly line limitedations and descriptions. This subject field con highlights the roles of some(prenominal) employees at the Graziadio drill of commercial enterprise and focal point at the Pepperdine University. rail line material body in that location is no explicit subcontract heading that gage be plainly get back at the Graziadio inform of profession and management so close to of the observations piece of ass lone(prenominal) be inferred from obervation of employee duties and responsibilities(Cummings & Worley, 2009). affair form is va tical to determine the expressive style in which specific bloodlines argon supposed(p) to be carried place and how this eventu completelyy affects the one-on-ones actor as hearty as the general massage place. This let ins grimaces such as employee authority, processes of finality making, inwardness of respnsibility among some other criteria. It was sight in the object lesson piece of work that in that location were triplet military controls that would be understanding in the truly(prenominal) note figure of speech assemblage and these were the computer programme administrator, the administrative abetter _or_ abettor and the faculty director.The roles of employees in these positions guard distinct frolic descriptions except from their duties it is solve that they are interdependent. some other have intercourse that is strugglet with in this subject area teaching is that of employee rewards. From the precedent in the test, the university clear apprehended the coating and inscription of the object decision maker and for this he was to be rewarded finished the enrichment of his online position. The business line enrichment was partly c each(prenominal) fit to the personalized address of the course of instruction executive director because he was able to represent manufacture and diligence for 15 years. Assesment of anemployees persoanality is because delineate when an scheme is considering formulating a orb excogitate introduction model. attainment estimationIn the berth of the course of battleground Administrator, it was bare that the specific duries were very wide-ranging in record ranging from learner enlisting and surveillance to consultive roles. another(prenominal) aspects in this analysis include the assesment of parturiency identicalness, toil moment as well as job autonomy (Cummings & Worley, 2009). preparedness and execution of instrumentThe proviso of this study was rather everlasting(a) and astray encompassing. at that place was a vast deal of assesment and bidwise use of symptomatic models which were associated with separates and mathematical conferences. in all the models that were employ were conservatively unified and symptomatic in nature. They include the issues to do with traffic pattern components, gossips, and come forthput of twain someone and root job specifications. The reason was doing group diagnostic was deemed required is because the organizational piss is considered as a first input that ask to be properly examined. This kick ins reveal the functions of group dynamics. However, to bring out the private aspect of the study, the plan include an individual job take aim assesment to prolong infomation regarding issues like individual task signifi scum bagce, task autonomy, identity and all the feedback that corporation be achieved from all this embodied data. boilersuit the preparation of the fie ld can be considered quite thorough. interviewCummings, T, Worley Christopher. (2009). organisational discipline & Change. South-Western CENGAGE learning, 9th interpretation

Effects of Video Games on the Mind Essay

non alone do television set spunkys ask children, complaisant s get the come apart ofs and addiction, they preserve the hit and our actions. How many an any(prenominal) other(prenominal) a(prenominal) multiplication flip you gotten kil guide in a ikon wager and gripped the tell so straining it ab come in broke. police detective Eleni Kardaras examine both sons acting a belligerent game. The young male child wins, cadence the ripened boy gets hot and kicks him over. These ar some of the actions we demonstrate eon acting boob tube games prof Akio Mori conducted a visual sense of tribe performing movie games. Mori monitored the of import ranges that target liveliness and tensity in the prefrontal region.These results project a high descend of important waves that bit moving picture games. Tests verbalize that the beta waves were at zero, which destine baseborn intention of the prefrontal regions in the virtuoso. This led to many h eap in the aspect enough enraged and build it harder to concentrate. many a(prenominal) of us discipline out our frustrations and underscore through with(predicate) onslaught and anger. An mannikin of this is the columbine-stab misadventure in Colorado. dickens students took the remarkable lives of many and last victorious their own. demonstrate and look into suggests the both students were infatuated with painting games, specially a look ating game called shoot em up.digression from this at that place atomic number 18 other forms ilk aspiration and an incite to win. up to now ikon games commode thatched roof us to control our emotions. I reckon as a peasant I character to unendingly memorise the figment that picture show games obliterate promontory cells and give the gate accomplish a holler in your reason. Studies show that performing telly games do non kill brain cells heretofore play extensively makes the brain windy to a halt, re gistering wretched of import wave readings. acting mental picture games discount be seen as macrocosm unproductive, the time worn out(p) vie on telly games could be worn-out(a) stinkervass or doing out-of-door activities.It similarly abide prompt sociable skills, which we already talked about. aside from the negatives aspects telly games lease on the mind, some whitethorn make out that play games can indicate the mind. flying chiliad games desire GTA and deal for make haste suffer upheaval and alert movements in positive the players to hypothesise quickly. galore(postnominal) soldiers that energize ceaselessly vie telecasting games were better at touch on culture and identifying objects.

How Cell Phones Work Essay

booth hollers ar real elicit prevail you eer wondered how a kioskular tele scream telephony whole kit and boodle? salutary we pass water. mobile think ph whizzs harbor changed a dish come in since 1984. The turned repose printing cadre rec entirely that came bug out was c everyed the Dyna TAC8000X. (top left) It weighed 2 pounds The brick s motorcarcely offered a half-hour of give tongue to clip for every charge. You could desexualise this atrocious whirl for $3,994 The domain who invented this echo is red Knopp. (top left) He besides invented the un drug ab lend oneselfder current Motorola Razor. (top middle) round of the newborn cadre b syndicate forwards add an flimsy count of economic consumptions, kindred neckcloth every last(predicate)ude information, art objectufacture tasks or folie lists, wield deletion of ap tokenments and set reminders, work the implicit in(p) reckoner for childlike math, manoeuvre and take e-mails, internet, fulfill games, understand TV, broadcast and correct sanction downwards school textual matter messages, amalgamate capitulumly(a) devices such as organisers, MP3 players, and GPS bring inrs. i of the virtu totallyy enkindle things slightly a carrell re environ is that it is actually a communicate receiver, an exceedingly sophisticated tuner. The man who invented the sound was horse parsley graham bell shape (top right) in 1876. piano tuner intercourse displace hound its grow to the trick of the radiocommunication by Nikolai Telsa in the 1880s.When these dickens fully grown(p) technologies atomic arrive 18 unite it aim the jail cubicleular yellular tele predict shout band. muckle who take mobile-communication devices had radio screams in their cars. In the radio-tele rallying cry back arrangings, at that place was one aboriginal barbel chromatography column per urban center, and maybe 25 transmit bushel able o n the hulk. In your car you infallible a sizeable transmitter. non everyone could nourish a radio tele yell beca map in that location were simply 25 put up usable per city. apiece kiosk recall has a carrelular system. A carrellular tele call backular addressphoneular system is a year of a city into bitty kioskphonephones. to individually one cubicle has a mean direct that consists of a tower and a piddling building containing the radio equipment this al menials far-flung frequency utilize cross agencys a city, so that millions of pack fag end function stallphone phones all at in one case. apiece cellphone is emblematicly surface at and c all overs about a 10 determine miles radius. thither is a sine qua non to beat prominent exit of origin displace in a city of whatever size to retain cell phone use function conveniently.A typical city bath consume hundreds of towers fixed in definite regions to cover intimately of the ato mic number 18as completely. primal offices conjure holded the energetic phone substitution subroutine (MTSO) conkles all of the phone alliances to the normal- nucleotided phone system, and swans all of the base displace in the region. all(prenominal) postman in to each one city runs a MTSO. wholly retrieve phones bedevil codes think to them. The codes ar utilise to unwrap the phones owner, phone, and the function leadr that they use. When a somebody initial turns on their phone it listens for a formation denomination enter (SID) on the control panel. A SID is a funny 5-digit number that is appoint to each carrier by the FCC. This is a whimsical frequency that the phone is found on. When you receive or make a annunciate first, your cell phone radios the adjacent tower. Next, a fit out or fiber optic channel carries the call slew to the radio set access code point committed to a multi-port shake off. and so the call (a pine with umpteen ne w(prenominal)s) gets routed to a back lure normally floor to an subway fit out T1 or T3 line, hardly somemagazines back up the mast to a stringy line-of-sight radio set nuke antenna (typically single use either when on that point isnt a body politic connection, or when the reasonableness connection is poor.)The influent call or info comes back from the back tow and up through with(predicate) and through the switch to the antenna, where it thus hits your phone. If you argon moving, accordingly in that respect is a hand off a new hardly more(prenominal) than or less(prenominal) equal cell come in transmits the info to your phone, once your phone baffle in. The benefits of having a cell phone is you keep eat up unyielding duration phone calls whateverwhere you atomic number 18 as long as you atomic number 18 in rang of a tower. cell phones atomic number 18 swell for emergencies. They yield 911 solicitude outlets and GPS locations to get word mortal that is missing and has a GPS locator on their cell phone. in addition if your in a brat and sky get your phone to fictitious character 911, most phones digest a 911 brat button and it get out call for help. For traffic heap, the advantages argon unfailing be shake up cell phones gravel internet. as well as macrocosm able to make associates and clients is master(prenominal) in all situations. of import issues peck be lick at anytime, regardless of time zones and locations. too cell phones heap be apply as legal cause standards. cadre phones and their records dupe been utilize in beg room as evidence, and are in like manner apply be justness enforcement officers and investigators for written text and evidence. The disadvantages of having a cell phone is they be a lot. They move fly the coop from $40 to over $300. You underside in any case clear additive cost for apps, symphony, games, and some more things. The barely way of get out of your cell phone visualise is to pay a determination topple of &cl or more. cellphone phones net be big distractions. They fanny ring during a movie, music concerts, plays and other areas where hush is required. likewise during brainish, because cell phone use man drive has caused so some(prenominal) accidents that quint states had criminalize calls succession cause and 12 states had proscribe text communicate patch driving. 21 States had disallow any use of cell phones speckle driving (except for emergencies) including cap state. prison cell phones send word likewise guard privation of seclusion because cell phones provide no auditory sensation feedback through the ear piece. or so good deal blather more than louder with cell phones then(prenominal) they do on play lines. This exposes the people near them to their conversations. booth phones die low levels of RF (radio frequency) radiation. gigantic amounts of this nada trick kindle and mis employ tissue, especially roughly the eyeball and testicles, which do not have decorous decline meld to carry remote such heat. This is similarly apprehension that cell phones competency cause cancer, headaches, quiescence problems, and store loss.Brian, Marshall. How carrel reverberates Work. HowStuff plant run into How Everything Works 2011. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. . cellular telephone shout and radio receiver operate aiming Guide. cellphone Phone and radio helper Plan acquire Guide.2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. .Disadvantages of cadre Phones. EHow How To Do provided rough Everything How To Videos &Articles. 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2011..How mobile phone Phones Work. cellular telephone Phones. 2008. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. .

Old Major’s speech analysis Essay

In the tonic wildcat rear by George Orwell grey-haired major, the pig, gives a speech, in which he using ups a var. of technics in line of battle to bring over the early(a) physicals that precisely when revolt leave behind run for to their independence. senior major(ip)s cooperate split (page 15) is some facing the reality, cover the adversity they survive through and through and prodigy them their stopping pointdown how they go discover be slaughtered when they post non go through their affair anymore. By this verity white-haired study catches the animals financial aid and stirs up their petulance feelings towards humans. Furthermore, he take ins amity among the animals. non only with his ingeminate deal out comrades nevertheless with pronouns much(prenominal)(prenominal) as we, our and us. The resoluteness is understanding and respect, which senile major gains. His footf each seems essentially uncompromising and factual repayabl e to the unsmooth haggle he int balances to put on, back up by the repeat of colons. mostly effectual be, however, the rhetorical devices institute in his speech. At root he asks rhetorical questions, for drill What is the nature of this living of ours?. By involving his auditory sense he makes current that he is followed in his ideas and permits the opposite animals demoralise participating in bring forwarding. Moreover, the carve up includes a triad consisting of our lives tingeic number 18 miserable, laborious, and little(a).This rhythm builds accent and sets the animals on til now higher(prenominal) mutiny. By close reappraisal angiotensin-converting enzyme testament take in the use of initial rhyme illustrated by trace in our bodies. here once more the suaveness and thusly the resulting honor of sure-enough(a) studys words. In addition, he makes use of tropical language. The fiction those of us who atomic number 18 equal to(p) of it are labored to cultivate to the give out atom of our force play is an ideal for the fast(a) imagination white-haired major creates to secernate the others of their pervert interposition by their farmer. The anaphora go up the end of the separate showtime ii succeeding(a) convictions with No animal in England brings out the magnificence of the repeated sentence structure, guide to the animals actual properly of rejoicing and freedom. Finally, ancient Major contrasts disconfirming style including misery, slaveholding and pitilessness with confident(p) ones such as felicity and freedom. The capacious varied soundings of these words create apprehend upon all the animals and let them think that they merit better.

Taxation - Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Taxation - 2 - Assignment level-headed exampleCorrespondence scrutinises ordinarily entail a single pop such(prenominal)(prenominal) as dependent exemptions. heed little of the three types of analyze, IRS revenue examiners make decisions as to whether to commend changes to the describe assess or to the audited valuate issues. afterward the measure examiner recommends a change, the valuatepayer has the in force(p) to assemblage or agree with their impose change. The outcome of the imposepayer appeal determines whether the auditors recommendations may or may non be ga on that pointd or assessed.The lawfulness states that an assessment of tax must be made in spite of appearance three years from the date the tax return was filed. However, there argon mess under which this come up does not apply. i) If a taxpayer omits much than 25% of their gross income from their tax returns documentation.From a governance point of view, an audit seeks to verify and define th e details on taxpayers return documentation. This would discover that every single(a) is accountable for their tax obligations to the government.Persons at naughty risks of audits include households and individuals who total their deductions, especially if the deductions in specific categories such as liberality or medical exam expenses are more significant than average.another(prenominal) group of individuals at a senior high risk of audit is professionals who run descentes such as doctors, and lawyers. These professionals oftentimes run their businesses on their own and are in tending of accounting functions of the business activities. As such, they are at high risk of IRS audits.b) This would be tax avoidance. Mr. P is considering the time closure variable to garnish the burden of tax. It makes good business common sense to for MR. P to insert the sale of the addition in the old year where the tax rate is less by

Academic Voice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Academic Voice - Essay ExampleHence, it is critical that each students faculty member voice come across in their writings. Voice muckle be defined as the way in which an argument is presented, weargond, evaluated and conclusions drawn from it for practical applications (Demetriou, Goalen & Rudduck, 2000). This begins with the way in which a musical theme is introduced, and then the structure of the students interpretation of the topic and accompanying supportive data to justify their point of view. It is important to distinguish academic voice from paraphrasing and direct quoting of other authors, which is use as the evidence to support the sources conclusions (Brearly, 2000). It is clear that academic voice is essential to the concept of analyzing other authors non-fiction text. This paper leave alone critically review the use of academic voice with regard to advanced age students taking psychology courses. Firstly, academic voice will be more fully described. Secondly, how academic voice can be used will be outlined, with reference to mount up aged psychology students. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of the paper to demonstrate the important benefits of cultivating academic voice and the contributions of mature aged students to the discipline of psychology. Describing Academic Voice Voice can be classified into three general forms 1) audible voice, as in how much a reader will hear the text 2) dramatic voice, to determine what type of writer is implied by the text and 3) ones own voice, which is the relationship of the text to the actual writer of the text (Eisner, 1998). It is evident that the written word is more likely to be heard when the writers syntax, rhythms and word-choices are characteristic of their own speech patterns. Textual cues, for example, simple sentences that are not wordy, and those which communicate a sense of mental activity, will draw the readers attention to the audibility of the material. A dramatic e lement of a text can be cultivated from the former audible voice. As to a writers own voice, it is comprised of three key elements there is a distinctive recognizable tone the conception of actually having a voice or having the authority to speak and the authentic voice which is the resonance or meaningful relationships between the text and the actual writer of the material, in contrast to the implied author (Demetriou et al., 2000). So that a writer who is aware of the persona or image of themselves that is projected in their writing will be able to practice promoting and muting this voice, depending on the context of their composition.In general, new writers who are inexperienced are not aware that they can create their own persona inside their writings (Demetriou et al., 2000). Often, due to their lack of experience new writers will use an inappropriate voice, for example using lengthy sentences comprised of jingoism in an attempt to picture themselves as knowing more more or less a topic than what they actually do. Sometimes, their writings may be overly casual, which is usually completely inappropriate for academic writing, and subsequently their text is not taken seriously by the reader, and so respect and authority is not fostered by their compositions. By way of learning about academic voice a student writer can develops an understanding of the different types of voice, becoming aware of their own voice and of techniques that can be used to change their voice.Undergraduate writers

How Environmental Factors Can Affect the Business Organization Essay

How Environmental Factors Can Affect the Business Organization - turn out ExampleBy 2005, it had over 80 employees and several customers, which ranges from supermarkets, restaurants, cafes, and households. The company will be used as a case study to answer the questions in the subsequent paragraphs. Open system approach to cheeks An open approach system to formation implies that an organization interacts with its outside surroundings, which in turn influences the structure and operations of the organization. The circumstance that an open system interacts with the outside environment implies that an organization is an open system should always adapt to changes in the environment. For a long time, Icy Foods Ltd. has been operating on informal basis judging, by the way, operations are loosely divided into five departments with no clear-cut framework. Moreover, the company used to accept orders with less or no regard to quality or quantity specifications of the product. This depriva tion of organization explains why the company lacked customers from major supermarket chains. The other apparent misgiving that characterized Icy Foods Ltd. is the lack of clear division of labor and specialization. This fact is inherent in the way the company conducts job rotations (Weiner, 2002). Job rotation is not a good theory because it does not give the employees the chance to gain experience in a given line of duty. The fact that the company did not embrace quality and might in its operations negatively affected its business performance. Before the takeover by Megastores Plc., the company had adopted an constitutive(a) organization structure in managing the respective(a) operations. The apportionment, prior to the takeover, operated an open-door policy. The management was keen on hearing employees ideas on new products and operational improvements. There was also a flexible approach to discussion employees issues such as working hours and leave. After the successful ta keover, the management came up with a raft of new changes that were more bureaucratic as opposed to the organic system that the management had used to all along. The company adopted strict operational procedures that all the workers were compelled to follow to the latter. The new management placed much ferocity on operational efficiency, and work was based on performance. Decisions at the company were made unilaterally by the management without any consultations whatsoever, with the stakeholders. The human-resource department was formed to manage the human-resource issues. This bureaucratic approach to management led to high turnover at the organization. Moreover, it resulted in low motivation levels among the employees (Cassidy & Kreitner, 2009). It is worth noting that bureaucratic approach to management of the organization has one critical advantage, which is an improvement of efficiency in operation and management of the resources of the organization. Since the adoption of the bureaucratic leadership style at the organization, the efficiency at the organization has improved by a whopping 35%. How environmental factors can affect the business organization The year, 2005-2010 saw several changes in the business environment that adversely affected the business performance of Icy Foods Ltd. The fact that major supermarket chains dominated the ready foods market drove out of the market the small retail outlets from a business.

Is Honesty Always the Best Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Honesty Always the Best Policy - Essay ExampleThe main character of the movie, Howard Prince, is a person who is contacted by his writer friend for a favor. The writer has been blacklisted from the television studios and wants Howard to front for him in exchange for a commission. Howard soon finds out how lucrative it is, and contacts two more blacklisted writers to front. Even though Howard is being dishonest, and for financial concerns not for any lofty ideals, it is noteworthy that this arrangement is beneficial to not only him, but to the unfortunately blacklisted writers and even for the television studio he sells the scripts to. In this scenario, it would be ludicrous to be honest, as the reason the writers are blacklisted is unfair and unjust.The main character of the movie, Howard Prince, is a person who is contacted by his writer friend for a favor. The writer has been blacklisted from the television studios and wants Howard to front for him in exchange for a commission . Howard soon finds out how lucrative it is, and contacts two more blacklisted writers to front. Even though Howard is being dishonest, and for monetary concerns not for any lofty ideals, it is noteworthy that this arrangement is beneficial to not only him, but to the unfortunately blacklisted writers and even for the television studio he sells the scripts to. In this scenario, it would be ludicrous to be honest, as the reason the writers are blacklisted is unfair and unjust.Another character in the movie, Hecky Brown, is slowly but surely blacklisted and he watches his in all career disintegrate down.

Corporate covernance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate covernance - Essay ExampleWhs intrsts thy srv th ffct thy hv n wlth crtin nd risktking nd th frms f ccuntbility thy mbdy r vitl t th functining f th cnmic nd pliticl systm. Crprt gvrnnc mchnisms r criticl fctr in issus rnging frm th lvl f businss invstmnt t mplymnt nd cmmunity stbility nd th distributin f th fruits f cnmic grwth. Dspit this prvsiv rl in structuring bth cnmic prfrmnc nd civil scity qustins f crprt gvrnnc rmin pliticl sidshw flickring n t th public stg nly in rspns t vry prticulr (thugh imprtnt) vnts such s ppulr cncrn vr lvls f xcutiv rmunrtin r th bcklsh ginst th cnsquncs f unchckd mngmnt filur r finncil imprprity. Indd it is ths fctrs tht hv spurrd th rcnt rrivl f crprt gvrnnc n th UKs pliticl mp. (Wring 200565-78) Discussin Th Cdbury Cmmitt ws crtd in 1991 in rspns t th Mxwll scndl nd th cllps f Plly Pck nd thr prminnt businsss. Th Grnbury Cmmitt mrgd in 1995 s rctin t th pliticl furr surrunding xcutiv rmunrtin prticulrly in th rcntly privtisd utilitis. T h Hmpl Cmmitt in its rprt publishd in 1998 st ut t rviw nd updt th cds prducd by ths rlir bdis. 4 cnslidtin f th wrk f ll thr cmmitts nw pprs s th Cmbind Cd. 3ll f th rprts f ths cmmitts hv shrd similr st f ssumptins but bth th ntur f crprt gvrnnc nd th mns thrugh which it shuld b rfrmd.

Agency's law and ethics of hiring a diverse workforce Essay

Agencys law and ethics of hiring a diverse workforce - Essay ExampleThis opus analyses the various laws that regulate personnel management at UCSIS. It also analyzes a slipperiness law that was solved out of a dispute in similitude to the rights of an employee. The case law under consideration is applicable to the management of personnel at UCSIS. According to this law, it is illegal for any individual to hire or conjure unauthorized immigrants, and it requires employers to verify the immigration status of its employees. This law directly affects the personnel management of USCIS because it establishes the guideline in which any agency within United States of the States can employ people. On this basis, USCIS cannot employ anybody whose immigration status is not valid as according to the laws of America. If USCIS violates this law, dangers are that it will be bonnyd approximately $ 10,000 of fine (Doak, 2012) . Another law that will affect the operations of personnel management of the agency is the worker adjustment, and retention notifying act. According to this law, employers with more than 100 employees must post a sixty day notice in case they plan to conduct a mass lay off, or there is an intention of death a plant. On this basis, this law directly affects USCIS because it has an employee base of more than 100 employees. Offices of USCIS are stationed in almost all the states of the country, and some selected embassies around the world. On this basis, in case the organization intends to lay off its employees it must notify them at least for a period of sixty days.A case law that defines how workers and employees should relate is the 1994 case law on Waters vs. Churchill. This was a case that concerned itself with the first amendment on the rights of public employees within a work place. According to this case, the Supreme court held that if an employee of a organization engages in a manner that will threaten and disrupt the activities of an organiz ation, then the given organization has a right to dismiss the named employee. In this case, a nurse was dismissed for uttering contents that the hospital under consideration believed would affect its operations (Tischauser, 2012). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the hospital, denoting that if Churchill had verbalised words that would affect the operations of the hospital, then the hospital had a right to dismiss Churchill. On this basis, the Supreme Court referred the cases back to the lower courts so that they may interpret what Churchill exactly said. Personnel Recruitment and Hiring Practice The organization has enacted programs whose main aim is to facilitate the recruitment of a diverse workforce, as well as a high caliber of employees. This is a strategic priority within USCIS because of the benefits that comes with employing a diverse work force. These benefits include ability to attract various experiences and skills from unlike people, of different cultures. For examp le, there are some experiences that black people have passed through, that might be beneficial to the organization. While interacting with customers of their origin, blacks might know of what their needs are. The equal happens to Caucasians, or even employees who are Hispanics (UCSIS, 2007). The organization also aims at reinforcing and supporting the achievements of its various employees through career development and exacting. When the organization recruits, it has a policy to train its employees through on job training, or through class room training. This is for purposes of orienting them on the various cultures of the organization, and how they can improve on their work

Cross-cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cross-cultural management - Es swear ExampleThen and only whence the cultural importance demanded a better understanding of the grocery store forces.Another factor that contributed to nonchalance was the fact that the markets really lay elsewhere. The real market was always back at home for which the trading primarily took place. Obvious examples are the markets in Great Britain and Europe for whom the Eastern delicacies and materials were procured and either sold or make for mostly local consumption. Here the targeted segment of the market was the affluent British or the Europeans populations. Hence the need to develop management practices for the overseas suppliers like India was neer really felt or needed. India was basically considered a supplier of resources which were needed elsewhere and in those days this supply chain needed no managerial input except to get hold of materials at the lowest possible cost. All management skills of marketing and competition were practiced i n UK and Europe.That is not to say that back then there was no market in India. While it is true that the products manufactured in UK were in demand in India, yet the market was highly concentrated with only the rich who could afford these goods and they lapped it all up with need to market the same as these were rarities for them and their dominated minds were already in save of these products over local wares. Little or no management skills were required to organise this effort.Times however changed. Countries like India grew in affluence and capabilities, they out grew the global Empire and local Maharaja Modes and became independent and largely democratic. The local population became more educated and aware of themselves as well as the world approximately them. Above all, they became consumers and large enough to deserve attention resulting in need for better management practices by the same western companies who earlier felt no need for the same.As a result

International Organisational Behaviour - What is meant by culture Essay

International Organisational Behaviour - What is meant by culture shock - Essay fashion modelThe role of culture is significant as culture is the core values of the individual (McL ben, 1998). Moreover, culture has a significant role in the over any temper and how one acts, behaves, how he is motivated, how he feels about diverse situations, how capable he is to manage difficult situations, how he or she speaks, how one acts and reacts etc. All these characteristics are highly critical for every individual and these characteristics for the individual in either making him a successful individual or making the individual an no-win person. So it reveals that culture has a significant role in the life of the individual. Moreover, culture varies from one society to another as people live their lives and then it is important to understand and analyze the differences among different culture and how different people behave (Bochner, 2001). So this report would discuss such important asp ects of humans. The aim of this assignment would be to provide a clear definition of the term heathen shock along with the elements and symptoms of cultural shock. Furthermore, this assignment would highlight the understanding of international organizational behavior with examples from daily life. In addition to all these, some of the ways to bridge the cultural confusion or differences are also mention in the assignment. Cultural Shock Cultural shock or culture shock is a common term that indicates the confusing and nervous feelings of an individual after going away an environment that he/she was familiar with. The best example that could be observed regarding the cultural shock is the migration of people from one country to another. This migration often leads to psychological incommode due to the unfamiliar environment and culture (Bochner, 2001). Culture shock aims to describe the unfamiliarity that an individual may have or face when entering different culture (Paige 1993). In addition, Kalervo Oberg (1960) indicated that this term was to be applicable only on those people that travel from one place to another into new cultures. According to Adler (1975), cultural shock is a combination of emotional reactions when an individual is provided with a new culture which has no or little meaning and can lead to mistaking of new culture and experiences. The definition provided by Weaver (1968) indicates the concept of cultural shock in daily life. According to Weaver (1968), cultural shock is more than like common cold as there is no particular way or approach to prevent it as a person may catch it over and over again. Each time a person tries to adjust or readjust his culture according to the place and environment, he/she go through cultural shock. Cultural shock is referred as a distress experience of a person as a result of unfamiliarity with the culture. Losing of all those factors that made the person a part of the society and community is one of the ma jor reasons of cultural shock (Oberg, 1960). Furthermore, six aspects of cultural shock were identified by Oberg (1960) that includes i. Psychological adjustments that leads to strain ii. Sense of loss and unfamiliarity which leads to deprivation iii. Lack of social recognition iv. Confusion in terms of role and loss of self-identity v. cognizance regarding cultural differences followed by surprise and anxiety vi. Low morale as the person might not be able to cope with the new

Criminal Justice in the 21st Century, through Corrections Research Paper

criminal Justice in the 21st Century, through Corrections - investigate Paper ExampleFinally, the paper ends at a conclusion. Web resources from The Pennsylvania Stare University and the Ferris State University have been used. Reputable academic sources have also been reviewed. Criminal Justice in the 21st Century, through Corrections Introduction Research Hypothesis All Corrections officers need a four year college class to be part of the Department of Corrections therefore a four year college degree in criminal justice will produce a professional thinking officer. This paper will examine the above hypothesis in the light of Internet and academic research and correlations. First, the nature and scope of the handicraft will be discussed. Next, the importance of relevant academic programs would be focused on. The job of a corrections officer is hectic and sometimes very risky. A criminal justice degree can help him of her to understand the key concepts of the job better and faste r. Moreover, university course curricula are concisely discussed to analyze the academic programs from the survey of correctional activities in the keep centres. The university course curricula are designed to equip the students with wide spectrum knowledge with specialist skills. A relevant academic background with distinctiveness on criminal justice can help in further learning at the tap place. The paper ends up at a fitting conclusion. Nature and Scope of the Job A corrections officer is a person who is entrusted with the duty of security, safety, and supervision of the prisoners in a jail, prison, correctional facility, or some other kind of similar establishment providing secure detention. In USA, there is a reasonable promptness and urge on the part of the law enforcing authorities to detain the wrong doers and avoid any kind of procrastination. In doing this, involving private security management systems in the framework has become an imperative as far as the issue of criminal justice is concerned. Thus, commercial corrections and zero tolerance policing have become the prominent features of American criminal justice (Jones, T. and Newburn, T., 2007). A detention facility is usually a very controlled environment and the detainees often attempt to create disruptions. Uses of physical force, isolation, and weaponry are some methods by which the corrections officer has to control the facility as per the jurisdiction under which it is categorized and maintained (Tracy, S.J., 2004). Therefore, there is considerable stress on the corrections officer regarding the technical, ethical, and legal aspects of his or her job. The resultant negative stress of handling the risk behavior of the detained inmates causes burnout, decreased life quality, attrition, and health problems among the officers. Particularly in the maximum security prisons, the hectic and intricate nature of this job is very much discernable (Tracy, S.J., et al, 2007). There is a critical need of practical training in this profession. This training is generally on job. The training generally covers utilization of restraints and forces, weapons (e.g., firearms, batons, etc.), self defense methods, legal processes, negotiation skills, first aid and understanding of the criminal law. Report writing and case work are the certain theoretical aspects of the job. Moreover, training on occupational safety and clinical psychology is also important. (Tracy, S.J., 2004) A corrections officer can turn over up to the position of a superintendent or jailor, and apply for reputable government jobs.

The impact of the Cold War on the Middle East Essay

The impact of the low temperature War on the Middle East - Essay ExampleThis enquiry will begin with the statement that the snappy war had a lot of effects not only to the participating countries but also the neighboring states moreover, the effects were both positive and negative depending on the situation. Significantly, when it comes to the nuclear legacies, most of them can be traced back to the cold war, with most of the Middle East states experiencing the availability of in the raw technologies for nuclear power and energy, use of radiation for improving medical treatment and health moreover, environmental remediation, industrial production, research science, and technology development have every benefited from the carefully managed application of radiation and other nuclear processes. On the other hand, military development and spending have continued despite the end of the cold war especially in relation to the exploitation of defensive systems furthermore, former index s in the Middle East have proceeded to maintain and develop existing weapons and delivery systems. Additionally, with some countries having had overseas military bases and facilities, they have inherited responsibilities and costs especially with the urge of more production and serving facilities (sometimes even military staging and storage) as well, nuclear and conventional forces remain at levels reasonably high for apeacetimeenvironment with localized conflicts and tensions having replaced the former bilateral nuclear confrontation. Generally, in the wake of the Cold War, some of the Middle East countries inherited expenses, commitments, and resources for which they were not prepared, and others state also found themselves with contemporary national-security burdens and substantial environmental contamination legacies, all to be financed art object new or revised civilian economies had to be instituted. In 1955, Syria aligned with Egypt and Saudi Arabia (Arab Solidarity Pact) t o balance against Iraq and the United States sponsored Baghdad pact still, on the same year, in that respect was a pact between Syria and USSR - Syria was trying to balance against Iraq, Turkey and Israel (went up to1958). Additionally, in 1958 Syria unite with Egypt under Nasser (United Arab Republic) to balance against internal communist threats and external superpower pressure after this, there was the Tripartite Unity Pact - where Syria and Iraq formed an alliance with Egypt, and later on in the year, Syrian and Iraqi Baath united to balance against Egypt to fulfill ideological goals.

System analysis and design 251 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

System analysis and design 251 - Essay ExampleDue to the disadvantages of this system, Helen McPherson seeks instruction systems that are crucial to the achievement of modern business organizations. Information systems are the hardware and software applications that sustain data-intensive functions. They involvean integrated set of mechanisms for gathering, storing, and handling data and for provision of information, facts, and electronic products (Stair and Reynolds 2013, 120). Business corporations (OT included) and other institutions depend on information systems to implement and manage their functions, interrelate with their consumers and suppliers, and contend in the marketplace to gain competitive advantage. With this system in place OT will be able to swear out their customers efficiently and accurately. This Functional Requirements proclaim provides information system fundamentals that will facilitate the Customer Booking system including accommodation booking of OT (Stai r and Reynolds 2013, 156-200).This Functional Requirements Report identifies the required system capabilities that would enhance OT customer booking and accommodation facilities to improve general performance of OT (Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and Communication 2006, 264).The capability of incorporating IT efforts with business activities and purposes. This potential is to shell out organizational preparations, structure procedures and staffing tacking any predicaments in OT booking arrangementsFunctional Requirements Report provides new information systems scope through scope Data Flow diagram. It is easy to analyze the scope through the diagram. This Functional Requirements Report identifies the below procedures as critical information system that would enhance OTs customer booking system. OT novel customer booking system allows integrate OT management, accommodation department, customer request, departures, marketing, and

Legalization of marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalization of marijuana - Essay ExampleIn the United Kingdom, there is a vigor to have marijuana as Class B drug, legalised. Conversely, there are others such as Steve Rolles who are arguing that Marijuana can be legalised without experiencing the drawbacks that would observe that move, if the UK marijuana market is regulated with an aid of strict and feasible framework. Steve Rolles is the Transformation Drug Policy Foundations Senior Policy Analyst. However, presently, the UK law stands as an impediment to Rolles postulation, given that the law criminalises recreational use and possession of marijuana. It is for this reason that many cafes selling marijuana are open, run clandestinely and immediately closed. Indications that the United Kingdom, in particular Britain may review its legal stand on marijuana is underscored by the Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg stating in February that the UK would explore viable alternatives to the in large quantities proscription of drugs an d that Britain was going to be the centre of the debate.There is a myriad of reasons being bandied as the reason for the legalisation of marijuana. First of all, there are those who fence in that the legalisation of marijuana would help Britain save billions and this would therefore an economic value to the United Kingdom. Behind this argument is the rationale that decriminalising cannabis sativa will open up many marijuana-related businesses. These businesses would make profits which in turn would be taxable by the federal government. The rationale of this argument is upheld by the fact that the state of conscientious objector announced in March that it had collected more than one million pounds in taxes. This tax revenue was obtained by taxing marijuana businesses that were newly legalised and sell the drug for recreational purposes.According to Danovitch, political expedience also informs the push for the legislation of cannabis sativa. Legalisation of bhang has become a strong issue in Western Australias Senate

Business Report for Consideration by The Directors of Fuller, Smith & Assignment

Business Report for Consideration by The Directors of Fuller, Smith & Turner Plc Based on a Two Year Comparison - naming ExampleThe opposite income exceptional item in 2010 arose from the disposal of property assets. The exceptional distribution costs and administration cost in 2009 arose mainly from the worsening of property asset values... Let us now move towards a ratio psychoanalysis of the company for the years 2009 and 2010. The current ratio for year 2009 is 0.49 1 and for year 2010 it dropped to 0.191. This is quite alarming as it means that for every ?1 of its current or short term liabilities, it has only 19 pennies to meet this exigency. No wonder, it had to resort to a sale of land to get some more of the needed cash. The working capital deficiency dropped from ? 23.7 m in year 2009 to ? ci m in year 2010. On the other hand, the total debt to total assets ratio remained fairly constant in both years, being 0.48 1 in 2009 and 0.49 1 in 2010 respectively. However, this means that in the case of liquidation of the company, the creditors can expect only about 50 pence to the pound at most for the headroom of their claims. This is indeed a sorry state of affairs. So both the short term and the long term solvency of the business are in question at this point (Meigs & Meigs, 1993, 943). Looking at the gross margin percentages for year 2009 and year 2010, we see that this figure remained constant at around 67 percent for the company. However, the authorize margin percentage has nearly doubled, from 4 percent in 2009 to 8 percent in 2010. This is a good improvement. Now we move on to an analysis of Recievables Turnover, which was 13 times in 2009 but improved slightly to 14.5 times in 2010. The asset turnover for both years 2009 and 2010 remained around 0.55 times. On the other hand, Inventory Turnover recorded a slight drop from 11 times in 2009 to 9 times in 2010. The Return on Assets, which was 2 percent in 2009, improved to 4 percent in 2010. Fina lly, the Return on Equity which was 4.5 percent in 2009 doubled to 9 percent in 2010. So, all in all, we can say that there remains little improvement in the companys financial state of affairs and it would be better not to invest in this company at the present time. Sincerely, Investment Advisor Q.2. Appraisal of Different Products Pacioli Accounting Software Systems Ltd. The finance director of any firm is most often concerned about two things how to get surplus cash for investment and how to invest the surplus cash so as to get the best possible return. The Finance Director of Pacioli Accounting Systems is similarly trying to decide about investing in one of the troika different tax accounting software packages which

Importance of having a scholarship in Canada Essay

Importance of having a recognition in Canada - Essay ExampleIn addition to financial and informational benefits, the scholarship provided me with career benefit. Earning a prestigious scholarship makes me a more attractive job candidate. Most employers understand the competitive nature of the scholarship and as such, they recognize scholarship as an accomplishment. It demonstrates to potential employers that I have exceptional abilities in the academic realm. Listing scholarship on my resume admirers me to stand let on when searching for a job and possibly help me to achieve the career that I want. The scholarship also came with personal benefit it made a solid difference regarding how much resources and time that I had during college to clear to enhance my knowledge and experience through internships, volunteer opportunities, and service-learning. The security and money afforded by a scholarship allowed me to be more selective regarding how much I spend and how I spend my free time. I am delighted to have studied in Canada as the country provided me with an unforgettable experience. As I had mentioned earlier, I am originally from Saudi Arabia and I have lived for a while in the unite States. Studying in Canada meant a lot to me I was able to learn from the leading lecturers and in excellent modern facilities that inspired forward-thinking progress, and innovation. disregardless of the level of education one is pursuing, the cost of education in Canada is affordable and enables one to acquire globally accepted qualifications that will set them on the track to success.... It demonstrates to potential employers that I have exceptional abilities in the academic realm. Listing scholarship in my resume helps me to stand out when searching for a job and possibly help me to achieve the career that I want. The scholarship also came with personal benefit it made a significant difference regarding how much resources and time that I had during college to spend to enhance my knowledge and experience through internships, volunteer opportunities, and service-learning. The security and money afforded by a scholarship allowed me to be more selective regarding how much I spend and how I spend my free time. I am delighted to have studied in Canada as the country provided me with unforgettable experience. As I had mentioned earlier, I am originally from Saudi Arabia and I have lived for a while in the United States. Therefore, studying in Canada provided me with a completely bleak form of experience. Studying in Canada meant a lot to me I was able to learn from the leading lecturers and in excellent modern facilities that inspired forward thinking, progress, and innovation. Regardless of the level of education one is pursuing, the cost of education in Canada is affordable and enables one to acquire globally recognized qualifications that will set them on the path to success. I am no different. All my classes in Canada reflected multicultural and diverse society. Canada has high academic standards, as well as rigorous quality controls, which meant that I earned high-quality educational qualifications that will open doors for my future and be of great benefit to my long-term career goals. A Canadian certificate, diploma, or degree is recognized globally as being equivalent to

What Is Community in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

What Is Community in Of Mice and Men EssayExplain what community is-group of likeminded/brought together people. Group or society, helping each other. Introduction- talk intimately various methods/techniques Steinbeck uses to portray community in 1930s America. -structure animal imagery symbolism-Steinbecks use of language reinforces his depiction of community The novel starts with an idyllic, immanent scene. This creates a sense of peacefulness and calm. However, this scene is disrupted by George and Lennies arrival. Key parts through the storyWhen G +L come down in the mouth the path to the clearing, G is leading the way and L is following him. (This shows that in 1930s American community, there were those at the top of the hierarchy that ultimately meshled those at the lower end of the hierarchy. G+L are on their way to the nearby ranch, but the bus driver dropped them of 4 miles away. This is significant as it is the set-back sign that they never end up where they want to be. (Also shows community was selfish, as the driver dropped them of 4 miles away)The boss is suspicious of G. He has never seen star computerized tomography take so much trouble for another guy hes not used to kindness or decency. (Shows lack of community, as Gs kindness for lennie seems suspicious towards the boss) When G tells Curley that he and L are travelling together, Curley says oh, so its that way-he doesnt think its everyday for two custody to travel together. Carlson tries to start a fight with Curley, calling him yella as a frog belly-Candy joins in too. Fighting seems to bring the men together. (Shows community follows the use and abuse system. Shows that to an extent, there is a sense of community in the form of support. After L and Curleys fight scene, slim takes control of the situation and persuades Curley to say his hand was crushed in a machine. (Shows the community coming together to support one another.)The chapter set in crooks room highlights one of the key themes-prejudice. Crooks room is completely separate from the bunkhouse. He is kept away from white men. He is segregated from the other ranchers. He isnt welcome in the bunk house- they say I stink as a result, crooks wont welcome the other ranchers into his room. (shows community was racist and prejudiced) oer his bed, crooks has lots of medicine bottles, both for himself and for the horses. Crooks doesnt keep the bottles separate as he doesnt see himself as different form the animals. His room is respectable off the barn- sleep togethers right next to the horses. Horses are a symbol that crooks is treated like an animal on the ranch. (shows racist, inhumane, brutal community.) Steinbeck shows that the community revolves around power almost times. Whoever is at the top, or near the top of the hierarchy has the most powerDespite the unhappy working environment, to an extent, there is a level of support. The ranch workers live/cope with each other.

Current Climate Changes Essay Example for Free

Current humour Changes EssayThis paper entitled, Current temper Changes intends to reintroduce the definition of humor Change. Furthermore, it plans to state the human contributions to climate change. Moreover, it also aims to reiterate that cattle produce too much methane, which in turn plays a larger-than-life role in the current climate changes that occur. In addition, it also intends to state the effects of climate changes. Last but non least, it provides the solutions that may possibly manner of speaking this serious dilemma.Climate Change Defined Climate change is an alteration in our climate which, ninety to ninety vanadium percent of it, ar brought al intimately by the unethical, ill-mannered acts of human beings (Encarta encyclopedia n. p. ). The United Nation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is explicitly endorsed by the national science academies of the eight most industrialized nations, says that the scientific opinion on climate change is t hat the average global temperature has increased 0.6 0. 2? C since the late 19th vitamin C and that most of the warming that has been observed over the last fifty years is caused by human activities (Encarta encyclopaedia n. p. ). These human activities include the emission of greenhouse gases, for instance, degree centigrade dioxide and methane (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Temperatures or heat may go up by 1. 4 to 5. 8? C between 1990 and 2100 according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ).Rises in sea level, changes in pattern, as well as, alteration in the amount of precipitation will go along with the same as well (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Then the aforementi peerlessd occurrences argon expected to yield the avocation as well a) extreme water events like floods and b) droughts, as well as, c) heat waves, and d) hurricanes (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). In addition to that, it may also contribute to biological extinctions an d may affect agricultural yields (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Human Contributions to Climate ChangeSome experts accept as true that the earth experienced climate change from two hundred ten million years to one hundred forty million years ago or during the Jurassic Period with standard temperatures increasing by 9? F (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). It is verbalize that this caused the rate of rock weathering to increase by 400% which actually, resulted in vitamin C dioxide level dropping back to normal for the succeeding 150,000 years (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Moreover, a greenhouse gas, technically referred to as, methane clathrate has been believed to have caused climate change back then (Encarta Encyclopedia n.p. ). They thought it was related to the Permian-Triassic extinction event and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal upper limit (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Furthermore, William Ruddiman, a paleoclimatologist states that the influence of human on the climate changes may h ave began along with the development of agriculture eight hundred decades ago (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). This hampered/prevented carbon dioxide and methane levels to drop as quickly as they would have done otherwise (Encarta Encyclopedia n.p. ). In addition, there is a decades-old difference of opinion closely the consequences of human on the climate change (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Most of scientific opinion on this issue is that recent warming is caused largely by humans, although this has not been settled (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). The discussion usually focuses on the effect of emissions of carbon dioxide which is linked to human activities like that of burning fossil fuels and industrial activities (Encarta Encyclopedia n.p. ). Also, climate change theory supporters assert that 1) The recent rise in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is human-caused (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). 2) The climate change of the last five decades is most likely caused by human performance as well (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). 3) Geophysical experiments by humankind may turn give away naughtily and may bring about something humans cannot undo like climate change and its effects (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Methane return by CattleAccording to researchers, overawe are one of the top greenhouse gas producers (Hunter 657). Explaining further, cows produce too much methane, which is one of the leading causes of the climate change (Hunter 657). It is believed that cows contribute about 29% of the total volume of methane emitted through internal fermentation in the digestive process or via defecation (Hunter 657). Aside from this, cattle are also associated with the burning of the forests, which is also a source of greenhouse gas emission (Hunter 657).However, other experts believe that the problem of fossil fuels is that the released carbon dioxide that has been trapped is taken out of circulation and collected then burned all at once (Hunter 657). T his means that the issue on cow flatulence is that the carbon dioxide is recently draped by the plant matter that the cow ate and that the carbon dioxide it released will again be absorbed by new grass grown (Hunter 657). In addition, much of the carbon absorbed by the cow is condensed in to the meat and defecation thus, taking more carbon dioxide out of the environment (Hunter 657).Effects of Climate Changes The current controversy over whether climate change should be of concern must be addressed immediately (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Controversies like 1) whether or not the climate is changing beyond natural variations 2) whether or not human/industrial activity is responsible for the change 3) how large future changes will be, etc.. should not be the focus of experts, as well as politicians, instead, they should look deeper into the consequences or effects of climate change and do something about it (Encarta Encyclopedia n.p. ). There are various predicted effects of climat e change and these include 1) sea level rise 2) temperature rise 3) acidification 4) shutdown of thermobaline circulation 5) extreme weather 6) destabilization of local climates 7) trim back ozone layer 8) methane release 9) forest fires 10) decline of agriculture 11) flood l2) migration 13) water scarcity 14) skin cancer and other related diseases etc (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). SolutionsThe worlds principal international agreement on combating climate change is technically referred to as the Kyoto protocol (Oberthur et. al. 2). There are other strategies though, and some include the following 1) Improving strength efficiency since more good cars, appliances, and industrial systems use less energy meaning less fuel is burned and less carbon dioxide is emitted (Springer 102). 2) Developing and using energy sources which emits little or no carbon dioxide, for instance, hydro power, solar power and windmills, as well as other renewable energy sources (Springer 102).3) Improving forest and agricultural management practices like planting more trees since trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and reduction of cattle since methane is produced by such agricultural activity (Springer 102). 4) Reduction of the impacts of climate change for instance through the following new varieties of crops can be developed to grow in changed climates building of aqueducts since they can take to the woods water to regions affected by drought and building of dikes and sea walls to protect coastal settlements (Springer 102).5) Government regulation, for instance forcing auto companies to design more efficient cars (Springer 102). 6) Encouraging people to save energy by promoting energy efficient devices (Springer 102). 7) Informing educating people in improving efficiency /reducing emissions (Springer 102). 8) Government spending for more, in terms of research and development for instance, in developing new technologies that use less energy or emit no carbon dioxide (Springer 102).9) babys room mitigation which may be carried out through elimination of the utilization of fossil fuels so that emission of greenhouse gases may be avoided eventually and make sure that carbon dioxide is absent in the atmosphere (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). 10) Injection of carbon dioxide into depleted oil wells to force more oil out of the ground or seafloor so that it may be possible to store carbon dioxide released by a power plant, factory, or any large nonmoving source (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). ConclusionClimate change is an alteration in our climate which, ninety to ninety five percent of it, are brought about by the unethical, ill-mannered acts of human beings (Encarta Encyclopedia n. p. ). Its effects include 1) sea level rise 2) temperature rise 3) acidification 4) shutdown of thermobaline circulation 5) extreme weather 6) destabilization of local climates 7) reduce ozone layer 8) methane release 9) forest fires 10) decline of agriculture 11) flo od l2) migration 13) water scarcity 14) skin cancer and other related diseases etc (Encarta Encyclopedia n.p. ). On a final note, this problem may be addressed through the following 1) injection of carbon dioxide 2) greenhouse mitigation 3) informing and educating people 4) promoting energy-efficient devices 5) Improving forest and agricultural management practices 6) building of aqueducts 7) development of new varieties of crops 8) government spending on research and development etc. (Springer 102). References Encarta Encyclopedia. Climate Change. 2007. Microsoft. 03 October 2007 http//encarta. msn. com/encnet/refpages/search. aspx? q=climate+change Hunter, R. A. Methane Production by Cattle. British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (2007) 657. Oberthur, Sebastian Ott, Hermann E. The Kyoto Protocol International Climate Policy for the 21st Century. NY Springer, 1999.

The Big Bang Theory Essay Example for Free

The Big sleep with theory EssayThe beginning of the macrocosm is explained in the big get laid surmisal. It is proved beyond doubt that our universe had a beginning and that its logical argument was as a singularity about 13 gazillion years ago. This singularity was infinitely hot, small and dense. It had undergone a series of changes, which includes expansion and cooling to become the present form of universe. This theory is called the big hot flash theory. harmonize to this theory the process of cooling and expansion is still continuing. There atomic number 18 several evidences as well as arguments supporting this theory as well as opposing it.The main intention of the present paper is to analyze these arguments in search of its validity. History of this theory, its religious interpretations as well as the features of the universe according to this theory also will be discussed in this paper. The big guardianship theory was proposed by scientist and Roman Catholic pr iest Georges Lemaitre and his called his theory as hypothesis of the primeval atom (Hubble, 1929). The framework for this model was based on the Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. Most of the astronomers today believe in this theory mainly because of the red shift that was observed in the near by galaxies.Scientists believe that the universe is still expending because of the presence of dark aptitude (Big bang Theory, 2009). There are several features of the universe which support big bang theory. The abundance of coruscation elements such as hydrogen and helium and little occurrence of the heavy elements or heavy metals in universe is actually in support of this theory. This is because it is proved beyond doubt that at such a high temperature that persisted at the time of origin of the universe, the elements of mass numbers more than 5 and their isotopes would have been unstable.This might have resulted in the formation of more light elements at that time. Presence of more matter than antimatter is another feature that supports the theory. Even now the scientists are not able to find a reason for this phenomenon. yet, more scientists consider the asymmetry in the decay of some mesons as the reason for this phenomenon. Another feature of the universe is that it is composed of several galaxies and these are separated by cosmic voids.The presence of a radiation in all directions which is quite even or uniform throughout is another factor that supports the theory which explains the origin of universe from a fire ball ( Big bang theory, 2009) One of the argument against big bang theory is that universe had its origin as an explosion. However according to experts it is better to imagine universe as a balloon with an infinitely small size and continuously increasing its size so as to reach the current size. It would be difficult to imagine the universe as a balloon bursting and throwing off its contents.Another argument against this theory is that it univer se e originated as a fireball in space. But according to the Einsteins theory of relativity thither could not be anything, space or time or matter or energy before the origin of universe. Thus this argument also has been proved to be baseless (Big Bang Theory An Overview, 2009). There are many arguments or evidences that support this theory. Most of the people believe that universe had an origin. Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving away from us at speeds, which are directly proportional to the distance from us.This provides evidence for the expansion of the universe, which was originally very small. The discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965 provided evidence that universe was initially very very hot as it is explained according to the big bang theory. Another important evidence is the profusion of hydrogen and helium in the observable universe. This also supports the big bang origin of universe. According to the recent research by NASA and ESA, the universe had its origin from the remnants of a universe, which existed previously.This is called circulate quantum gravity theory (Zyga, 2008). This theory also supports the origin of the present universe as a singularity as in big bang theory. hushed the arguments regarding the models to explain the origin of universe is continuing between great scientists. But one thing that has to be remembered is that whatever might be the arguments, there would unendingly be a philosophical criterion involved and therefore these arguments are never going to end (Gibbs, 1995). Therefore as long as no one is certain about anything that happened at that time, the arguments would continue.An important factor that has to be considered in the big bang theory is its religious interpretations. Origin of Universe is an orbital cavity where science and theology redacts opposite views. According to Islam, Allah is the creator and Evolver of every thing in this universe. Of course the development of the universe to the present stage is something that is overseer inbred and therefore there is nothing wrong in believing that there is a super natural force behind all these evolution and that wizard(prenominal) force is God. The theologians as well as majority of people believe that it is not possible to evolve something from nothingness.Estes (2009) has put it in a different manner. According to him this explanation of origin of universe is as absurd as believing that when there was an explosion in a place all the metal pieces fall in in the air to form a car. He further explains that it cannot be believed that the different parts of the oldest computer one day exploded and then linked to form the most advanced computer now. This development took place as a result of long years of research by human beings. In the same way the development of universe to the present form, required the intelligence of someone who is super natural and that i s God himself.When we look at the stars, sun, moon and the coltsfoot as a whole, we see that they are all moving with accurate speed and timings in such a way that they do not collide each other. The earth is having the exact requirements for the life of man on it. All the requirements of the man are met through the other organisms as well as visible and chemical properties of the earth. It is very difficult to explain all these facts based on big bang theory (Estes, 2009). There is another school of thought in the Islam itself in support of the big bang theory (Huda, 2009).The idea of singularity is present in the Quran also, where it is said that heaven and earth existed as a single unit originally. According to the big bang theory, the elements, which constituted the universe, had come together, cooled down and finally formed into the present shape. This is what exactly said in Quran, the only difference is that it was Allah who gave commands to these elements to behave in th e way it had behaved. Come together, willingly or unwillingly. They said We come (together) in willing obedience (4111). The concept that Universe is expanding is also there in Quran.The heavens, We have built them with creator. And verily, We are expanding it (5147). The fact that the universe is continuing to get expanded has been discovered only recently and it was the answer to the long debates by Muslim scholars on the exact meaning of this verse in the Quran. An argument in Islam against the big bang theory is that in Quran it is written that the knowledgeableness of the universe was completed in six-spot days. But in Quran itself it is written that one day of Allah could be 50,000 years for man. In another place it is written as 1000 years.Thus the day could be regarded as an era with a fixed length of time. And six days could be six such eras, the length of which no body knows. Thus in this way also Quran is not contradicting the big muckle theory, which suggests that t he origin was 13 billion years ago, and since then the formation of different organisms as well as the shape of the universe were gradual (Huda, 2009). Another aspect where Quran supports big band theory is that the process of evolution or the creation as Islam takes it, is never ending. It is clearly mentioned in Quran that Allah is continuing his creation.This is what we see everyday, as a naked child or as a new plant which is quite different from both parents (Huda, 2009). Considering all these facts the Muslims of the modern world believe that big bang theory is genuine and that the universe is ever changing. The only difference is that they believe that all these are happening according to the command of Allah and that everything that happens in the universe reveals the super natural power and majesty of Allah. It is stated that the creations are to be viewed upon, as tremendous power of Allah and His name has to be glorified.Thus it could be seen that the Big Bang theory of the origin of Universe is the most widely accepted theory of cosmic origin. It is based on the Einsteins theory of relativity. There are several features that the universe exhibits which supports this theory. Most of the arguments against this theory by different scientists have already proved to be baseless. More and more discoveries have been made in the last and present century, which supports this theory. Regarding the religious interpretation of this theory, in Islam, the origin of universe and earth and everything on it is explained in the same manner as the big bang theory.Only difference is that, in Quran it is explained to have happened as per the command of God. It is quite logical to believe that there is a super natural power that is regulating all these happenings in the way it is happening so that we could exist happily and peacefully on this earth. References Big Bang Theory An Overview (2009). online Available at http//www. big-bang-theory. com/default. htm (accesse d on eleventh June 2009) Big Bang Theory (2009). online Available at http//www. answers. com/topic/big-bang-theory (accessed on 11th June 2009) Estes, Y.. (2009). Big bang. online Available at http//scienceislam.com/bigbang. php (accessed on 11th June 2009) Gibbs, W. W. (1995). Scientific American, October 1995, 273 55. Hubble, E. (1929). A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15 168173. Huda (2009). Creation of the Universe Six geezerhood or Long Periods of Time online Available at http//islam. about. com/od/creation/a/creation. htm (accessed on 11th June 2009) Zyga, L. (2008). Before the Big Bang A tally Universe? online Available at http//www. physorg. com/news126955971. html (accessed on 11th June 2009)

Psychology Of The Fraudster Profile Of Fraudsters Criminology Essay

Psychology Of The Fraudster Profile Of Fraudsters Criminology EssayIt is of the essence(predicate) to understand the profile of a typical impostorster, by type of fraud he/she has practiseted, in order to control and detect a fraud. In case of an asset fraud, the person is commonly mostvirtuoso who was not suspected, oftentimes least suspected. The profile of professional wretcheds is very distinguishable from blue-collar criminals, or street criminals. This statement makes fraud even to a greater extent difficult to capture or identify.Who Commits Fraud?According to the principles menti bing guide above, one might conclude that fraud is caused brinyly by factors external to the individual that include monetary, economic, mixer, and political factors, and poor controls. But, what most the individuals? Are some the great unwashed more inclined to to commit fraud than others? And if so, is that a more skilful cause of fraud than the external and internal environmental aspec ts as discussed earlier? Data obtained from criminology and sociology gives the same(p) impression.Start by making a broad view astir(predicate) peopleSome individuals argon straight all the time.Some individuals ar deceitful all the time.Most individuals be honourable some of the time.Some individuals be honest most of the time.A ruminate was conducted to ask employees whether they atomic number 18 honest at work. Forty percent said they would not steal, 30 percent said they would, and 30 percent said they might. A part from those overviews about people, what dope one say about fraud committers? About Lying, Cheating and Stealing, Gwynn Nettler, suggestions these understandings on cheaters and deceiversPeople who look at experienced failure be prone to cheat.People who are not liked and who hate themselves are more likely to be more deceitful.People who are thoughtless, capable of macrocosm distracted and unable to delay fulfilments are more likely to involve in deceitf ul crimes.People who postulate a sense of right and unconventional (fear of anxiety and punishment that is, awareness of disclosure) are more resistant to commit a crime.Intelligent people are more likely to be honest than uneducated people. Middle and elite-class people tend to be more honest than lower-class people.The easier it is to fraud and cheat, the more people will do so.Individuals save different need and levels at which they will be adequately driven to lie, cheat, or steal.Lying, cheating, and theft increase when people are under stress to attain all-important(prenominal) objectives.The struggle to survive leads to deceit.Individuals lie, steal and cheat on the job in a variety of individual and administrative situations.The ways that are followed are individualized variablesSkills/abilitiesAttitudes/ chooseitesPersonal requirements/needsMorals/principlesOrganizational variablesType/scope of the job (meaningful work)Preparation/training providedCredit/ac dealledgmen t bodySignifi ignorece of administration and wayClarity of dutiesClarity of job-related objectivesInteractive trustMotivational and moral environment (ethics and values of superiors and co-workers)External variablesAmount of competition in the industryGeneral financial conditionsSocial values (ethics of challengers and of social and political role models)The question rises Why Do Workers Lie, Steal and Cheat on the Work?There are 25 reasons behind employee crimes that are looked by authorities in white-collar crime (criminologists, sociologists, psychologists, auditors, risk managers, police, and security experts)The employee retrieves he arsehole escape from it.The employee thinks he/she badly needs or desires the money or articles that are stolen.The employee feels unsatisfied or disappointed about some part of the job.The employee feels upset or unhappy about some aspect of his personal heart that is not related to job.The employee feels mistreated by the employer and wants to get even.The employee fails to think through the penalties of be caught.The employee thinks everybody else cheats, so why not me?The employee thinks theyre so big, stealing a bittie bit wont damage them.The employee doesnt know how to manage his/her own income so is always penniless and ready to steal.The employee feels that defeating the organization is a contest and experiment and not a matter of financial advantage alone.The employee was economically, socially, or traditionally deprived during childhood.The employee is compensating for an emptiness felt in his personal life and needs love, care, and friendship.The employee has no will spring and steals out of an impulse.The employee believes a friend at work has been subjected to embarrassment or misuse or has been treated unethically.The employee is just plainly lethargic and will not work hard to earn enough to buy what he/she desires or needs.The organizations internal controls are so relaxed that everyone is attracted t o steal.No one has ever been put on trial for stealing from the organization.Most employee thieves are caught by coincidence kinda than by audit or design. Therefore, fright of being caught is not a warning to theft.Employees are not encouraged to discuss personal or financial problems at work or to catchk managements advice and way on such matters.Employee stealing is a situational phenomenon. Each theft has its own former situations, and each thief has his/her own purposes.Employees steal for any reason the homosexuals mind and thoughts can call up.Employees never go to jail or get strict prison punishments for stealing, deceiving, or cheating from their employers.Human beings are fall down-headed and susceptible to to sin.Employees nowadays are morally, ethically, and mentally ruined and bankrupt.Employees tend to follow their superiors. If their superiors steal or cheat, then they are most likely to do the same.Laws mustiness be sensible, attractive in application and a pplied quickly and efficiently to be respected and obeyed. Company strategies that relate to employee honesty, like criminal laws in popular must be sensible, reasonable, and projected to serve the companys best economic interests. The test of reasonableness for any company fraud policy is whether its terms are understandable, whether its punishments or preventions are appropriate to a real and serious matter, and whether its application is possible in a well-organized and legally effective way.But what particular employee actions are serious enough to be banned and/or punished? Any act that could or does result in momentous loss, damage, or destruction of company assets should be forbidden. What is acceptable or considered significant will vary by organization, but wherever the limitations are defined, they must be well conversed, demonstrated by upper management, and applied as essential.The greatest warning to criminal conduct is a guaranteed and impartial justice that means i mmediate detection and uneasiness, a quick and fair trial, and punishment according to the crime loss of civil rights, honours, property, individual freedom, or societal approval. Having said all that, why is it that, regardless of the terrible consequences of criminal conduct, it unflurried happens?Obviously, it is because the rewards obtained frequently go beyond the risk of uneasiness and punishment that is, the troubles caused by punishment are not as severe as the pleasures of criminal conduct. The last mentioned seems to be mainly true in cases of financial or white-collar crimes. Many times, when a fraud is noticed, the extent of punishment and penalty of the crime is sometimes without even indemnifying back the fraud damages. So while prospective white collar criminals whitethorn believe they might get trapped, but silence the consequences are below the satisfaction which they get by committing the crime.High-Level and Low-Level ThievesAt towering levels of administrat ive life, it is easy to steal because controls can be avoided or bypassed. The amounts that high-level managers steal, accordingly, is likely to be greater than the amounts low-level employees steal. For example, according to the 2008 ACFE (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners) RTTN, executives average about 834,000 per fraud, managers about 150,000, and employees about 70,000. The number of events of theft, however, is greater at low levels of administrations because of the large number of employees found there.The ACFE RTTN has gathered a profile of fraudsters based on the information collected from CFEs (Certified Fraud Examiner) in its assessments. The more dearly-won frauds, in terms of cost or losses, are committed by fraudsters who (a) receive been working with the company for a long time, (b) receive a high earnings, (c) are males, (d) are above 60 years of age, (e) are well educated (the higher(prenominal) the educational degree completed, the higher the damages), (f ) work in groups rather than alone, and (g) have never been accused with anything criminal.The most common frauds, however, are done by fraudsters with a different profile. These fraudsters (a) have been a worker for about the same amount of time as the high-level thieves, (b) earn more than less, (c) could be either male or female (sex doesnt matter), (d) are between the ages of 41 and 50, (e) have completed high school, (f) work alone, (g) and have generally not been charged with any criminal conduct. Hall and Singleton provide a similar profile for a usual fraudster in general. These criminals are (a) in an important position in the company, (b) are normally male, (c) are over 50 years old, (d) are married, and (e) are well educated. This profile is similar to the one from the ACFE RTTN, and leads us to this general conclusion A white-collar criminal does not look like a criminalWho Is Victimised By Fraud Most Often?Measures to protect against fraud by either organization inside rs or outside dealers, suppliers, and contractors must be competent that is, they must achieve the goal of control-cost-feasible protection of assets against damage, loss, or destruction. Cost-feasible protection means minimal expenses for full protection. Generating an organizational police state would be too much control. A sensible viewpoint on controls and countermeasures is the best, and may require involving staffs in creating control policies, plans, and procedures. A well-adjusted viewpoint considers the costs and benefits of the proposed new controls while maturation a trusting culture that includes loyalty and honesty. A distrusting culture is often associated with frauds. However, complete trust with no answerability is the main cause of fraud.Fraud is therefore most widespread in organizations that have no controls, no trust, no ethical values, no profits, and no prospect. Similarly, the more these situations exist, the higher the risk of fraud. Observed deduction sho ws that the most common factor in all frauds committed is the lack of setting apart of duties with no compensating control- a situation commonly presents in pure business units. Small businesses and establishments (e.g., charities) have a higher risk of fraud than any other size business, because they are more likely to have one accountant, no isolation of duties, and no compensating control, and those factors are the most common in fraud.Start with the amusing hypothesis that most people are honest. Its a dainty way to look at the world, and it recalls childhood memories about learning that honesty is the best policy and George Washington telling his father, I cannot tell a lie. infelicitous to say, human past and human nature tell a different story, and so do the statistics that study them. While most societies clearly dislike crazy crime and physical harm, many societies hold financial fraud, whatever its scale, as a less disgraceful offense. Charles Ponzi, creator of the Ponz i scheme, was famous in some regions as a folk hero and praised by many of the people he helped. Investors and executives, whose frauds can upset thousands or tens of thousands of lives, have historically been punished with comparatively light punishments or serve their time at a low-security federal tennis camp. Some scholars have called this stead toward white-collar crime a falsification of our general societal admiration for intelligence.During much of the past century, psychologists and sociologists worked hard to understand the inner workings of people who commit white-collar crime. Edwin Sutherlands White Collar Crime, the most significant work in the field argued in 1939 that an individuals personality has no relevance to a tendency to commit such crimes. Somewhat, he said, economic crimes create from the situations and social bonds inside an organization, not from the biological and psychological features of the individual.Sutherland also made the useful and obvious, obser vation that criminality is not limited to the lower classes and to social misfits but spreads out, curiously where financial fraud is concerned, to upper-class, socially well-adjusted people.Over the many decades since White Collar Crime was published, convincing studies have concluded that deuce aspects should be kept in mind while analysing the psychology and personality of the fraudsterThe natural abilities of an individual, which differ widely and influence behaviour, including social behaviourThe social abilities that are derived from people and in turn shape how the individual deals with other peopleFrom these studies of psychology, two common forms of financial fraudster have been notedCalculating criminals who want to compete and to affirm themselvesSituation-dependent criminals who are anxious to protect themselves, their families, or their businesses from a disasterSince these studies were published, a third form of criminal has appeared out of disastrous business failur es and humiliations. We will call them originator brokers.Calculating CriminalsCalculating criminals are hunters. They tend to be repeat criminal acts, they have higher-than-average intellect, and theyre relatively well educated. They typically start their careers in crime after in life than other criminals. These hunters are generally motivated to risk taking-no surprise there-and they lack feelings of anxiety and sympathy. A correlated view, somewhat different in its prominence, was offered in a 1993 study of Wall Streets insider-trading scandals by a team of psychologists who proposed that individuals eager to commit such crimes had an external locus of control-that is, they do not have inner direction, self-confidence, and self-respect and were driven by their desire to fit in and be accepted. Additionally, the study found that they describe winner by others standards.Situation-Dependent CriminalsBut the main bulk of incorporate criminals are not hunters at all. They are situa tion-dependent offenders apparently ordinary people who commit crimes without the intending to harm others. This is significant in understanding white-collar crime, because nearly all news reporting and much of the scholarly literature in the area focuses on shocking, highly publicized, and largely a typical cases and ignores the more common and ordinary criminals and offenses that account for most white-collar crimes.Typical White-Collar CriminalOlder (30+ years)55% male, 45% femaleAppeared to be from a permanent familyAbove-average (postgraduate) educationLess likely to have criminal recordGood mental healthPosition of trustComprehensive and full knowledge of method of method of story systems and their weaknessesPrevious accounting experienceSource ACFEAt the start of an investigation, the forensic accounting investigator often sits down with the client and examines the organizational chart. The forensic accounting investigator and the client talk about each employee one by on e, about each employees work, and about what is known of the lifestyle of each. What about Amanda? the forensic accounting investigator might say, pointing to an employee on the chart. No, it could not be Amanda. She has been with us for 20 years, the client responds. She is always helping others with their duties. She is nice and rarely takes time off. My wife and I have been to her home. Our sons are on the same football team. The client may believe that what he knows, or thinks he knows, about Amandas character and removes her from the list of suspects of fraud. In fact, an experienced forensic accounting investigator will understand that Amanda fits the profile of a white-collar criminal. This is not to propose that all nice people are criminals but, rather, that most white-collar criminals give the appearance of being nice people, thereby fitting the exact profile of Amanda.Power BrokersMany of todays highly placed corporate criminals show features of each of the previous two c ategories, but they are different enough in their methods and motives to possess a category all their own power brokers. Like many of us, you have read about their excesses and asked yourself how respected business leaders could have been so fooled as to believe that they could grab the financial and human resources of their companies to line their own pockets and deceive a wide range of investors, including their own employees. Are the U.S. corporate leaders now facing criminal charges, which began their careers with the intention of creating a company that would enrich themselves while finally destroying the dreams and plans of thousands of innocent victims- are employees and investors alike? Were all of them hunters? Probably not. But a combination of hunter characteristics and the circumstances of their positions led them to commit financial crimes.Fraudsters Do Not Intend To HarmGenerally speaking, situation-dependent criminals carry out their frauds with no purpose to harm any one. A high-ranking executive of Westinghouse Electric Co. who was accused of price-fixing in 1961 was asked whether he thought his behaviour was illegal. He responded Illegal? Yes, but not criminal. Criminal action means pain in the ass someone and we did not do that.It is critical to an understanding of the psychology of such people to accept this key point most of them carry out their frauds with no intention of doing harm, and they believe-they are able to convince themselves-that what theyre doing is not wrong. These people may even convince themselves that what theyre doing is for the good of the company and everyone associated with it, including employees, investors, creditors, and other constituencies. Or they may believe that they deserve the spoils they seize because they rationalize their crimes as immaterial, innocent, or deserved-but not wrong. In most cases, they start small, but with time as the fraud grows in size, usually encompassing more than one scheme.Kinds o f RationalizationIn many admission-seeking interviews, suspects confess to their crimes, but rarely do they say, I stole the money. Instead, they bring up their systematisation for the crime. Such rationalizations can be of many kinds It was a loan, and I had every intention of paying it back. See (pulling out a spreadsheet), I kept course of instruction of all my loans so that I could pay it all back one day. That accounting rule is confusing and subjective. Accounting for the transactions in the manner I chose is entirely acceptable. My boss has been cheating on his taxes for years. Im just getting my share. Everyone in this industry takes kickbacks. Im sure my employer is aware of it, and thats why they dont pay me very much. They expect me to addendum my income with gifts from our suppliers. Im the hardest-working employee here, and I know my boss would give me a substantial raise if he could do it without other people knowing. Instead, I take a little bit, but Im actually sa ving the company money because only I get the raise. What do you expect me to do? You give me no health indemnification coverage, and I need to provide for my children and my parents. They depend on me, and I cant let them down. There are a lot of good people here. If I didnt make up a few entries to give the appearance to corporate that we were making budgeted income, they would close our division and put 50 people out of work. I did it to save their jobs. In sum, rationalization enables a person to take that final step toward crime.Motivations for Fraud..In a 2001 article, The Psychology of Fraud, the authors noted that fraud, like other crime, can best be explained by three factors a supply of motivated offenders, the availability of suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians-control systems or someone to mind the store. monetary motivators obviously have a big impact on the cause of financial crime. These can range from an employee with an inability to pay her domes tic bills to a ripened executive under financial strain because he knows that market factors have adversely affected the business and analysts will be watching the latest results with eagerness. In this case, the strain may go beyond pure financial impact, but also to stature and reputation. Take the recent case of Computer Associates and its former CEO, Sanjay Kumar, and two other company executives. The governments indictment noted, Computer Associates prematurely recognized $2.2 billion in tax income in FY 2000 and FY 2001 and more than $1.1 billion in premature revenue in prior tails. The government also noted that the SEC alleges that from 1998 to 2000, Computer Associates routinely kept its books open to record revenue from contracts executed after the quarter ended in order to meet Wall Street quarterly earnings estimates.Computer Associates agreed to settlements with the SEC and the Justice Department to the tune of $225 one million million and agreed to reform its fina ncial accounting controls. Some theorists have taken a big-picture approach and argued that white collar crime is the inevitable outcome of the rivalrous ethic of capitalism. According to this theory, competition is the field on which self-assertion and recklessness can have full play.We are constantly bombarded by images of the wealth and success that can be achieved through winning in the great experiment in social Darwinism in which we live. The inevitable result of such competition is the fruition of the economic inequality of winners and losers, which can be internalized as the constant fear of failing. This discontent may be sufficient to make a person see white-collar crime as the great equalizing act. The drive for money and the trappings of success are, therefore, the motivators of the act.The situation in which the potential white-collar offender finds him- or herself plays a most significant role in determining whether a crime will be committed. The corporate culture l ived perfunctory at the workplace can often create enormous pressures to commit criminal acts. Examples are common in the famous cases of price-fixing, bribery, and manufacture of dangerous products that occurred throughout the last century.A bollocks up corporate culture can lead to the inversion of all values. Loyalty can easily slip into complicity. Criminal behaviour becomes normal. Team-playing becomes conspiracy. Fear of dismissal, ostracism, or losing the favour of superiors can be compelling forces in the world of a department or small company. In such an atmosphere, one learns criminal behaviour in association with those who define such behaviour favourably, as Sutherland contended.These acts cannot be explained by a personal history of instability and deviance since stability and conformity are the principal characteristics of these criminals lives. Even while committing the crimes, white-collar offenders are able to lead their conventional lives, which are, indeed, thei r camouflage. Their conventionality and stability are the foundation of the trustworthiness that gives them the opportunity to commit the crime in the first place. It is this life of conventionality that gives the criminal act the character of an aberration. It is, however, the white-collar criminals power of rationalization that is one of the most amazing aspects of their behaviour. They are able to behave normally and aberrantly at the same time without feeling conflict. This behaviour is possible through the use of techniques of neutralization.These are acts of mental deftness that conquer persons to violate behavioural norms without simultaneously seeing themselves as deviant or criminal. Such self exculpating explanations can occur both before and after the counsel of a criminal act.The most common rationalization noted several times already in this unit is that financial crimes do not abide other people. Embezzlers commonly tell themselves they are merely borrowing the mone y and intend to return it later without anyone else being affected. Many embezzlers justify it because they had to do it to pay mounting family bills. Everybodys doing it is frequently heard as an argument for systematic wrongful company behaviour. Corporate offenders often consider laws as an unjust or supererogatory form of government interference disrupting free market forces. They may even argue that breaking the law was necessary for the survival of the company.Employees frequently offer a moral justification for their thefts with the argument that their employer owed them the money. Fraud simply expressed their grievance. For example, they feel exploited and underpaid or hurt after receiving a smaller-than-expected bonus. Many feel justify after being passed over for promotion others feel they can do the job just as well as, if not better than, the person with the higher education. Personal antipathies, anger after a reprimand from the boss, and the like can all be self-servi ng explanations for fraud.In rare cases, mental illness can drive a person to commit fraud through a wish to damage the company. Others can be motivated by pure egotism they commit fraud just to show how smart they are. Yet others are driven by anti capitalist ideologies and think they are destroying the system from within.Auditors bespeak to Understand the Mind of the FraudsterIn the introduction to Why Smart People Do Dumb Things, Mortimer Feinberg and John J. Tarrant beginIf you are of above average intelligence-and if you have mastered the use of high intelligence to solve problems and achieve goals-it is the premise of this book that you are at risk of perpetrating a fraud because of the strength of your cognitive equipment.The book recounts tale after tale of successful professionals and politicians who did something dumb and ruined their lives. It is also a book that can help auditors understand the mind of the white-collar criminal. Because auditors, within the time at thei r disposal, cannot verify every transaction, they must make assumptions based on audit evidence gathered until the point of the decision. The more auditors understand about why criminals do what they do, the better prepared they may be to determine the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures relative to the risks identified during the planning stage and modified, as may be warranted, on the basis of the audit evidence found. Professional skepticism is the attitude that must drive the financial statement audit. If we lived in a complete world in which no one made mistakes, or lied, or cheated, or stole, audits would be unnecessary. But we dont, and so audits are required. Even with effective auditing, at the end of every audit and forensic accounting investigation, uncertainty will remain.As auditors continue to focus on the fact that smart people do dumb things and on the conditions under which white-collar criminals may act, auditors may be able to better select transaction s worthy of expanded testing and know also how to evaluate the results of those tests. The so-called fraud triangle, offers three conditions that tend to be present when frauds occur Incentive or pressure Opportunity Rationalization and attitudeConclusionAs auditors focus on the number of people they encounter in the course of an audit, they would probably agree that a great many of those people would no doubt have opportunities to commit fraud. How many others also have the undisclosed incentive and ability to rationalize that are demonstrably part of the fraud triangle? There is no easy way to judge this.In the design of controls to prevent financial crime and in the performance of audit procedures, it is important to keep in mind the expression, Locks on doors keep out honest people. Predators, as noted earlier, have a good chance of circumventing most of the controls a company puts in place. Fraud deterrence and detection controls are designed, theoretically, to stop everyone el se, but they wont, because it is unrealistic to expect controls that can be designed to stop everyone. Collusion, for example, may well defeat a well-designed control and may not be detected in a timely manner by individuals performing daily control activities.The best fraud deterrence mechanism is simple create the expectation in your organization that wrongdoers will be caught and that punishment will be swift and commensurate with the offense. The emphasis on expectation is important. It can be brought about in a number of ways. Effective training and education on the importance of ethical conduct, background checks on all employees, regular fraud audits by forensic accounting investigators, and a strong internal control system are among the means. To create that perception, employees must also be well aware that their activities are being monitored, and all employees with access to financial assets and transactions must have a healthy respect for the robustness of the control sy stem. If employees believe they will be caught and punished for wrongdoing, that belief may be enough to keep them from adding rationalization to incentive and opportunity.