David M Buss essays

David M Buss papers His primary zone of study has been human wants, what individuals need when they are searching for a spouse or wife. To investigate this, he studied more than ten thousand individuals in thirty-seven societies on six mainlands. What his discoveries show is that men will in general pick mates more on physical engaging quality and youth. While ladies look for men with increasingly monetary force. Presently this may not shock us in America, since men here have consistently needed ladies who were all the more genuinely alluring, and ladies have for the longest time been itching to wed a rich man, similar to a specialist or a legal advisor. What Buss discovered is that it is additionally comparable in different societies. How a keeps an eye on riches is resolved may change, yet the keeps an eye on attractive quality is the equivalent. From his investigations and what he has accumulated from past data, he has assembled a decent hypothesis that clarifies why we have our inclinations for a mate the manner in which we do. It goes back to our predecessors, a portion of the main people. The fundamental objective for them was to endure. To do this men needed to have the same number of youngsters as they could. Ladies needed men who could ensure them. For them the keeps an eye on riches was estimated by his societal position, quality, and capacity to battle (to secure themselves). From age to age these attributes were acquired, recorded somewhere down in our inner mind. The attributes men search for in ladies are: skin tone, balance in the face, clear (skin inflammation can be a pre-pointer of high testosterone levels, which could mean they may have ovarian brokenness), and a low hip-to-midriff proportion. This proportion is the 36-24-36 estimations. This specific hip to midsection proportion is a solid pointer that the lady is progressively fruitful, and along these lines ready to have more youngsters. The explanation men need more youthful ladies as their decision for mates is that on the grounds that theyre more youthful, by and by they can deliver more youngsters. Obviously now theyre not as keen on having a huge family, yet the ... <!

Controlling the Cyber-conduct of Young People Research Paper

Controlling the Cyber-lead of Young People - Research Paper Example relies upon corresponding desires concerning what different specialists will do in a circumstance where a choice whether to adjust is at stake† (3). â€Å"Gimalda and Sacconi’s model specifically considers consistence to be the result both of agents’ investment in picking the standard in an implicit agreement setting under a cloak of numbness and of the presence of assumptions regarding corresponding readiness to conform† (5). â€Å"Proposed the â€Å"sense of justice† as an answer for the soundness issue of a very much arranged society-for example a general public whose establishments are orchestrated by the standards of equity picked under a shroud of ignorance† (8). Articulations: Sources two, four and seven work to demonstrate the contrary contention that it is an uncanny suggestion to normally watch and force limitation on the web and portable utilization of youngsters to control issues like digital harassing and sexting. The cases by Bristow and Paton will contend that limitations on the web utilization of kids are offering an unreasonable planning to confront the general public in which they should work freely. The case will be that as kids are urged to act naturally subordinate in reality, limiting a similar open door in the digital world is an unusual thought with no obvious advantages. Be that as it may, utilizing sources, I will demonstrate how the exercises of kids stay under consistent perception in the genuine society however they see themselves to be free and how social congruity and family impact the manner in which they carry on. The preparation by the American Psychological Association will show that individuals younger than 20 don't have a mind that is sufficiently adult to take shrewd choices. The work by Cialdini and Goldstein will show how the general public impacts the conduct of teenagers, and Mahalihali’s work is utilized to depict how the impact of relatives, particularly guardians, chooses a child’s

How to Buy Essay Supplies - Get Everything Together For Your Essay

How to Buy Essay Supplies - Get Everything Together For Your EssayIf you're about to write an essay, you may be wondering what it takes to write a good essay and buy essay supplies. If you want to be successful, you'll want to find the right essay topics to make you stand out from the rest of the competition.You should know the types of essay topics to expect in the course of your writing career. The most common essay topics include: life and death, women's rights, discrimination, politics, history, sociology, and religion. These are just a few of the many topic areas you can look into.Once you have a list of essay topics, you should make sure that you research each one thoroughly. An essay may vary from one person to the next, but the majority of the times, you'll find that one should not be altered from the original writer's ideas or thoughts. In other words, the topic should be similar to the original essay author's ideas, but it shouldn't necessarily be the same.In addition to re searching the topic, you'll want to focus on the facts that will be included in your essay. Whether you write for school work, the facts included in your essays will be used in evaluations and tests. You should make sure that all of the facts are correct, as well as the definitions. Otherwise, it will be hard to prove that you have researched the facts correctly.Once you have your facts all collected, you should look for sources that will demonstrate your writing experience. For example, if you've studied writing or creative writing in college, you may want to use this experience to prove your ability to write. However, you don't want to show how much you've studied if you haven't. This is why you should look for sources that illustrate your writing experience.Your sources should include facts that pertain to your field of writing. They should also show that you understand the basics of your topic. When you want to prove your skills as a writer, you'll want to go back to your refere nces and make sure that you understand the things that were mentioned. It's important that you don't overlook things because you didn't really think about them before.Finally, you should get yourself some support materials. This will help you polish up your essay as you work on it. If you're going to buy essay supplies, it's important that you purchase those that will enhance your work. After all, it's up to you to write a great piece of writing, so your materials should be able to help you out.If you follow these tips, you should be able to learn how to get your essay all organized, so you can get to the proper research needed to complete your project. If you get the proper research and enough support materials, you'll be able to produce a quality essay.

Racial Disparities And The Judicial System Essay - 1607 Words

Brianna Allen Professor Frazier English 101 2 October 2016 Racial Disparities in the Judicial System You are driving down the highway, obeying the traffic laws. You look in the rear view mirror and you see flashing lights, cop lights, and a siren. You pull over and you are not too sure why. What is clear from research is that race is a consistent predictor of attitude toward the police. A study in Cincinnati found that black drivers had longer stops and higher search rates than white drivers. (www.nij.gov)There are 2.2 million people behind bars in the nation’s prisons and jails today. This is a 500% increase in the last 40 years, prisons are becoming overcrowded and it is only getting worse. Today, people of color make up 37% of the U.S population but make up 67% of the prison population. African American men are six times more likely to be incarcerated and hispanic males are more than twice as likely to be incarcerated than white males. Even white males commit the same crimes, and they still do not get the same amount of time as blacks and hispanics do. This raises questio ns, is our justice system fair? Is the criminal justice system operated to target people of color? The risk that African Americans are unfairly targeted should be a special concern for the U.S supreme court which it seems to not be. The color of someone s skin should not be taken into consideration in the justice system, it is unfair to the person being charged, it is unjustifiable and it isShow MoreRelatedInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican criminal justice system begins at the very first stage of the procedure, the investigation by the law enforcement officer. Law enforcement disproportionately target minorities over whites, as criminal suspects. With this direct focus, the racial makeup of the population that is ultimately charged, convicted and incarcerated becomes contorted (Leadership Conference Education Fund, 2013). These racial generalizations lead to an undermining of trust in the criminal justice system as a whole and perpetuateRead MoreRacial Disparity in Sentencing1728 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Disparity in Sentencing Lori Raynor University of Phoenix Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice CJA/423 Ron McGee September 06, 2010 Abstract In this paper I will illustrate racial disparity in sentencing in the criminal justice system. The causes of racial disparity and the reasons it is on the rise, the research statistics, and the proposed solutions are discussed. Racial Disparity in Sentencing The intersection of racial dynamics with the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Bias And Discretion Of The Sentencing Process1415 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 7 DB 1 Best Practices Introduction This learner was not surprised that racial biases exist within our court system when it comes down to sentencing. So, are we saying the judges are racist? This learner hopes not, but she cannot help but wonder if they are just based on the number of African American that is housed in our jails/prisons. There just seems to be an overwhelming amount of us incarcerated verses Caucasians. It is also amazing that some of the sentencing time that judges past downRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1613 Words   |  7 Pageswhere judicial discretion is limited by law. As a result, there are irrevocable prison terms of a specific length for people convicted of particular federal and state crimes. As of January 2014, more than 50 percent of inmates in federal prisons are serving time for drug offenses, and more than 60 percent of people incarcerated are racial and ethnic minorities. The use of safety valves and implementation of the Fair Sentencing Act are a few methods Congress em ployed to combat racial disparity in prisonsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesquot;our criminal justice system affirmatively depends on inequalityquot; (5). Cole has substantial grounds for making this statement. Race and class have long been issues in the criminal justice system, but does the system quot;affirmatively depend on inequality?quot; Does the criminal justice system depend on the disparities of the people that it serves? American justice is supposed to be blind. Despite this there have been many disparities in the justice system due to racial, social class, and economicRead MoreCrime And The Criminal Justice System1511 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of civilized society there has always been a need to have a system in place in order to ensure that the laws of the land are followed by all. This system, today, is called the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is very important in serving the individual needs and society’s needs by making individuals feel safe and secure and by fulfilling societal requirements of punishing that criminal element that infringes on those needs of individuals. The role that theRead MoreThe Issue Of Racial Discrimination985 Words   |  4 Pagesminorities being racially discriminated within the judicial system. There is a rainbow of issues that the United States judicial system has when it comes to racial discrimination. However, the mo st costly and the most disheartening of these issues is racial discrimination in the death sentencing process. The death penalty is a hot button topic in the United States. It has always had its critics and has always had its issues. However, the issue of racial discrimination is the most dangerous issue inherentRead MoreNo More Excuses For Death Penalty Abolishment. Please Assume1532 Words   |  7 Pagesinnocent people on the death row and the racial and class bias issue have remained in capital punishment history for a long time. Moreover, disparities and wrongful conviction have been shown not just in isolated or several instances, but in many cases over several years. Consequently, for those injustice cases, the existence of death penalty only create tragedy, rather than protect individual’s right effectively. Racial Disparity and Class Bias The racial disparity, the issue is not just in the historyRead MoreIs The Judicial System Broken?1062 Words   |  5 Pages Rough Draft Law 206 Prof. Heller 12/02/2014 Is the Judicial System broken? In 1789, each of the thirteen states had already establish a judicial system such as criminal and civil cases. The United States Constitution is the original document in which it established fundamental laws for the national government as well as protecting the right of the citizens. The U.S Constitution was designed to avoid too much power in the system of checks and balances. As years went by, the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Has Served As A Focal Point Of Much Of Societal Racism993 Words   |  4 PagesBias within the criminal justice Historically, the criminal justice system has served as a focal point of much of societal racism. There is a long legacy of practices such as the criminal leasing system, extra-judicial lynchings, and police brutality have shaped the history of African Americans and the criminal justice system. Over the last thirty years, there has been significant change has occurred in some aspects of the system. In many jurisdictions minorities have moved into positions of leadership

History Of The Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1796 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The Contention of The Common War There had been numerous great misconstruing among North and South in the years that hinted at the Common War, however the most appalling misconception of all was that neither one of the sides acknowledged, until the point that it was past the point of no return, that the opposite side was frantically vigorously. Not until the point when the war had really started would men see that their adversaries truly intended to battle? At that point it was past the point where it is possible to do anything besides continue battling. Southerners had been talking severance for a long time, and the vast majority in the North had come to look on such talk as a counter in the round of governmental issues.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History Of The Civil War" essay for you Create order The war points of opposite sides were exceptionally straightforward. The Alliance would battle for autonomy, the North for re-foundation of the Association. Up until now, subjugation itself was certainly not an issue. The North was a long way from solidarity on this point; it was fundamentally vital for Lincoln to keep the help of Northern Democrats, a large portion of whom had next to zero complaint to the proceeded with presence of subjugation in the south; and both he and the Congress itself were express in affirming that they needed to reestablish the Association without meddling with the local establishments of any of the states. Also, there were the fringe states, Maryland and Kentucky and Missouri, slave states were estimation clearly was expert Association by a somewhat restricted edge, yet where a great many people had no utilization at all for abolitionists or the abolitionist cause. In the event that these states should join the Alliance, the Association cause was in the s ame class as lost likely the most earth shattering to hold these states in the Association. On the off chance that he could encourage it, Lincoln was not going to battle a straight Republican war. While the Common War was ostensibly battled to protect the Association and free the Negro, the victors sought after the previous target as it were. In spite of the fact that discharged from subjugation, the Negro in the long run paid the cost of national unification. By the mid-1880s, he turned into a pawn of the white larger part North and south. It was they who concluded that it was superior to accommodate the areas to one another instead of to seek after full fairness for Negro Americans. The Finish of threats denoted the end of one age ever of Joined States and the start of another. Certain issues had for the last time been settled. The extended discussion and sectional clash over the idea of the Association were settled by the arbitrament of arms. There would be no further addressing of the rule that the Assembled States was an indestructible association made out of indestructible states. The privilege of withdrawal had been denied by a more grounded power than the polemics of Daniel Webster or the sincere interests of Lincoln. Ucial So too had there at last been chosen the critical issue of subjection . The seal of triumph on the combat zone was set upon the northern dispute that human subjugation couldnt exist in the American vote based system. The future status of the Negro was still to be resolved, and would offer ascent to no less questionable issue than those which war had fathomed, yet neither subjugation nor automatic bondage would from this time forward be countenanced inside the Unified States or wherever subject to their locale. In the meantime, the finish of the Common War implied significantly more than even the settlement of these issues. Finally the energies of the American individuals were allowed to continue the colossal undertaking of working up a country without being occupied by the lethal draw of North and South. The notable walk over the mainland was currently to get a crisp stimulus in the northern states as a huge number of pioneers filled the new West that lay past the Missouri; while significantly more imperatively, the development of makes in the northern states propelled mechanical creation on a time of extraordinary extension. A financial upset as of now getting gradually in progress was enormously quickened by the degenerate abuse of the nations evidently boundless normal assets, the working of an immense railroad organize extending across the nation, and the fast advancement of managing an account exchange and business. Underneath everything there was the way that the Common War was an advanced war; a hard and fast war, as that age comprehended the idea, in which everything that a country has and does must be recorded with its benefits or its charges. Military striking oiwer in such a war is at long last bolstered, molded, and constrained by the physical extension and citalirt of the fundamental economy. Straightforward valor and commitment can never be sufficient to win, if the war once creates pasts its opening stages. Whats more, for such a war the North was readied and the south was not readied; arranged, nor as in it was prepared for the War Neither one of the sides was at all prepared yet in the assets which were available to its. The North could win a cutting edge war and the south proved unable. Sticking to a general public dependent on the totally bygone foundation of servitude, the South for an entire age had been denoting a valiant endeavor to dismiss the modern unrest, and this endeavor had included it finally in a war in which the mechanical upset would be the unequivocal factor. To a Southland battling for its reality, bondage was a benefit in the homestead belt. The required harvests could be created despite the fact that the armed force removed such a significant number of ranchers, essentially in light of the fact that slaves could prop manors up with next to no assistance. Be that as it may, in every single other regard the exceptional organization was a horrible debilitate. Its reality had shielded the South from building up a class of gifted specialists, it had kept the South country, and albeit a few slaves were every so often utilized as assembly line laborers, subjugation had kept the ascent of modern quality, the South was lethally restricted. It could put a high level of its grown-up white labor on which the terminating line at last was based. Delivering abundant supplies of sustenance and filaments, it needed to go hungry and insufficiently clad; requiring a satisfactory distributive system, it was saddled with railways and expressways which had never been very adequate and which presently couldnt in any way, shape or form be enhanced or even kept up. The North bore an overwhelming burden in the War. The multiplying setback records ventured into each network, contacting almost every home. War uses achieved what at that point appeared to be the unlimited aggregate of in excess of two million dollars every day. Swelling sent living costs rising quicker than the normal mans salary could rise. War profiteers were various and barefaced, and now and again the entire battle appeared to be pursued for their advantages; to the plain end of the war there was dependably a possibility that the South may pick up its autonomy, not in light of triumphs in the field but rather on the grounds that the general population in the North just found the weight too substantial to convey any more. With the majority of this war conveyed toward the North, a time of enormous development and advancement. A business and modern blast like nothing the nation had envisioned before occurred. Amid the primary year, no doubt, times were hard: the nation had not so much recouped from the Frenzy of 0857, and when the Southern states withdrew the three hundred million dollars which Southerners owed to Northern agents went up in smoke, quickly strengthening the dejection in the North. In any case, recuperation was quick; the Central government was spending as much cash that no melancholy could persist, and by the mid year of 1862 the northern states were midsection somewhere down in property. This expanded interest northern homesteads met without breaking a sweat. There might have been a devastating labor lack, in light of the fact that devoted enthusiasm no place ran more grounded than in the homestead belt and a high level of the capable men had gone into the armed force. In any case, the War came absolutely when the mechanical insurgency was stamping itself on the homestead. Work sparing apparatus had been consummated and was being put into use_ an inconceivably enhanced furrow, a corn grower, the two-horse cultivator, trimmers and collectors and steam-driven sifting machines-all were accessible now, and under the weight of the war the rancher needed to utilize them. Until the point that 1861 ranch work had been inexhaustible and shabby, and these machines made there way gradually; now cultivate work was rare and extravagant, and the agriculturist who swung to hardware could really grow his grounds and his creation with less hands. In spite of the fact that, it is likely that Common War pushed the North into mechanical age a full age sooner than would some way or another have been the situation. It was simply prepared to grasp the production line framework in 1861, however without the war its improvement would have gone all the more gradually. The war gave a constrained draft that quickened the procedure massively. By 1865 the northeastern segment of American had improvement compacted into four hot years. Over the long haul it would have been far less expensive to buy the abrogation of servitude, albeit such a course was unbelievable to the two sides in 1861. Appraisals of the wars aggregate cost keep running as high as $3 billion for the South and $5 billion for the North. This was three to multiple times the aggregate evaluated estimation of slave in the Alliance. Both the Association and the Alliance had incredible trouble in paying their gigantic bills for war gear, troopers pay rates, and working costs. The two sides turned to numerous comparative budgetary measures: raising charges, issuing different kinds of securities, and printing huge amounts of paper cash unsupported by gold or silver stores. The superseding want for triumph prompted clearing measures on the South. Some influenced the ace slave relationship. Southern slaveholders had safeguarded their entitlement to outright command over their bondsmen in prior to the war days. At the point when war came, they observed vulnerably as the Confederate government and Southern states governments exchanged a huge number of slaves from private estates to more earnest work in the war exertion. Slaves even turned out to be Confederate officers in the blink of an eye before Appomattox

In the article, Genesis book of, describes how potential...

In the article, Genesis book of, describes how potential controversial indication that is found by the academic scholars about the source and thoughtful of the genesis book. The academic scholars talks more about the different categories of potential controversial within the genesis book such as text, sources, narratives, the patriarchs and the history, etc. These details however can be controversial to conventional and traditional supporters that have been powerfully believe in the earliest explanations of the origins of the bible. In the book of Genesis, the text and author of the book was expected to be written everything by one person because of the Hebrew word as a result of a devoted to god. The articles says, â€Å"Textual variants is†¦show more content†¦This also would describe the notion of the ‘variant texts’ that have been changed in the history now. The narrative part of the book of Genesis has made people believed that the stories that has been written in the book are part of the ancient history. In the article, it mentions â€Å"the stories are properly termed â€Å"myths† that is, sacred narratives that relate how the world and man came into their present form† (935). This explains that how scholars calling the genesis creation story a ‘creation myths’, not history, reportage, or science. It shows that how myth is a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind assumed their present form. Therefore, it contradicts the idea of the narratives how they were not be able to make it real as it was thought and changing the book itself into the genre of myth instead of having mix of history, reportage and science. Therefore, myth have been used the world over to convey many kinds of truth. In addition, it describes how the tradition in the Israelite region and ancient near eastern tradition represent how it reflects the legend of the world. In Judaism religions, the patriarchs like Abraham, Jacob and Isaac are very important people for the basis of the religions. In the articles, it explains how the historical reference reflects the times when the stories were told and they are real according to the narratives and patriarch because they pretend to make it real forShow MoreRelatedEssay on Aa Meeting612 Words   |  3 Pageswhite and one woman was of an Asian-American descent. The focus of the meeting was Step #2 Ââ€"humility. There were a few AA birthdays and in general the meeting consisted out of birthday-people reliving their stories and some talking about humility. Prior to the meeting I was expecting to enter into a room filled with smoke and nervous, agitated people. My impression of AA and of alcoholics mostly came from movies and my own prior experience with population suffering from different psychiatricRead MoreAscorbic Acid ( Aa )1751 Words   |  8 Pagesacid (AA), also known as vitamin C, was discovered 88 years ago. AA is not only used in the food industry as a food additive, it is also known to provide many benefits to our health. It is an essential vitamin for humans and its deficiency causes scurvy. AA is a water-soluble vitamin, highly polar, naturally occurs as L-ascorbic acid and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) to be used as a food additive by the FDA. It can come from natural sources (food-derived) and synthetic (made in lab). AA hasRead MoreAa-Dd Model8104 Words   |  33 PagesIntroductory Concepts Short-Run Model: DD and AA Liquidity Trap Macro Policy and CA Slides for International Finance Aggregate Demand and the SR (KOM Chapter 17) Alan G. Isaac American University 2012-10-22 Alan G. Isaac Slides for International Finance Introductory Concepts Short-Run Model: DD and AA Liquidity Trap Macro Policy and CA AA Curve Aggregate Demand PREVIEW AA Curve review SR model of asset market equilibrium AA: Y E (to maintain asset mkt eq) DD Curve Read MoreAA Meeting Report2347 Words   |  10 Pagesissues seemed like important things and I was glad to see that they were addressed during the A.A. meeting that I attended. Role of a Sponsor The sponsor helps the individual through their journey in A.A. They are supposed to guide them through AA with the twelve steps and help them to become more connected to the program. They help encourage the patient to attend meetings and help them have a positive attitude throughout the process. They should not make the individuals dependent on them. InsteadRead MoreThe First Method Of Aas1922 Words   |  8 PagesThe first method to talk about is AAS. The general idea of AAS is to make up standard solutions of differing amounts of known concentrations of each of the metals to generate a calibration curve and then measure the absorption or emission of the unknown solution and then compare that value against the concentration curve to figure out the concentration of each metal in the sample. Atoms are put into the gas phrase for analysis. The process of getting the metal into the gas phase involves adding energyRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous ( Aa ) Meeting1197 Words   |  5 Pages Alcoholics Anonymous I attended the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting held at the Westhampton United Methodists Church, 6100 Patterson Ave, 23226, which is 3.8 miles away from my home. The meeting started at 7:30pm and was structured as an open meeting that welcomed beginners. I utilized www.aarichmond.org website to search for AA meetings in the Richmond Area. There were about 30-40 meetings offered a day within a 15-mile radius of my home zip code. I selected the RVA YPG because I assumed Y inRead MoreThe Importance Of Attending An Aa Meeting1177 Words   |  5 PagesAttending an AA meeting was a very different experience for myself, I had herd of these meetings through family but had never gone so it was a little scary for me to attend. I was not sure on what to really expect when going or what I would get of out attending the meeting, but I was ready. The meeting was over all very interesting and eye opening on how alcoholism occurs differently for every person. I felt like this meeting was just an overview of what alcoholism really is, what it can do to youRead MoreMy Experience At The Aa Meeting1853 Words   |  8 PagesWhen I first signed up for the AA meeting I had my own thoughts about what it would be like, but I was in for a big shocker. I signed up for an AA meeting at 2749 E Diana @ S Rio Vista off of E Lincoln on Tuesday at 7:00 pm. It was a women only meeting because I thought it would be more comfortable for me to attend. This was what I had imagined in my head that it would be like, I would come into a big building with tons of rooms that had separate meetings going on with different speakers. KeepingRead MoreThe Advanced Automation System ( Aas ) Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesFrom its conception in 1981, the Advanced Automation System (AAS) was designed to provide an overhaul of America’s major air traffic control computer systems. $1.5 billion worth of hardware and software out of the $2.6 billion spent was futile. The General Accounting Office stated that â€Å" The FAA did not recognize the technical complexity of the effort, realistically estimate the resources required, adequately oversee its contractors’ activities, or effectively control system requirements.† ThisRead MoreAa Meetings Essay 2991 Words   |  4 PagesReaction Paper SAB 110-02 I first attended AA meetings as a requirement while I was in outpatient treatment in 2002. So when I learned that I had to go for a class assignment, I thought I would be comfortable attending a meeting. I was going with the intent on just sitting in the back and listening. The meetings that I had gone

Ethics in Business for Texas Based Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthics in Businessfor Texas Based Company. Answer: Ethical Issues of Enron Scandal Enron Corporation is a Texas based company, which is in the business of supplying natural gas, energy trading and providing electrical utilities. It has been subject to a major corporate scandal United States has ever seen since the 1980s. The scandal involved many ethical issues by the authorities of the same (Sims and Brinkmann 2003). The major ethical issues are as follows. Enron has a brutal competitive environment that has led the employees to adopt unethical measures in order to protect their employment in the company. The competitive company culture is a serious ethical issue that has led to the downfall of Enron. The company had incorporated a rating system that identifies twenty percent of the total number of employees working at Enron per annum, who is unable to meet the least requirement criteria of the company (Arbogast 2013). The company then pressurises the identified employees to resign. The purpose of Enron for implementation of this system was actually to encourage the employees to work harder to protect their job, however, it turned against the interest of the company as a boomerang and did harm more than good to the same. The employees started to adopt unethical methods like cheating in their work being unable to provide enough productivity to the company in ethical ways. Gradually every employee of the company started to compete among e ach other to show better performance to the company in fear of losing job and started to cheat to achieve this goal. This created an unethical deceptive environment within the company (Bishop 2013). Another major ethical issue that was conceived due to the competitive environment of Enron was the communication barrier among the employees working at different or same level of the company hierarchy. The competitive environment of Enron encouraged the employees in not sharing company resources with colleagues and barring communication with each other. Some employees fail to understand job requirements properly due to lack of conversation. They then adopt unethical measures to hide their errors (Carroll 2013). Aristotles Virtue Ethics Aristotle, one of the famous philosophers of all times has postulated his theory of virtue ethics where he states that the ultimate goal in a human life is happiness, which can be attained by improving the inherent virtues that a human being possesses from birth. Other philosophers claim that the secret behind the improvement of happiness is to follow certain rules of mortal pleasure (Aristotles Virtue Ethics 2017). Aristotle states that the virtuous traits are incorporated within the human system but needs sufficient practise to control and improve them. Among all the virtuous traits, he advises to give less focus on morality to build a virtuous character. Aristotle provides a simple method to build a strong virtuous character. His advice is to maintain a balanced approach to every action and emotion in a human life. He cites an example in support of his theory where he says that it is not necessary to be honest at all times, however, it is necessary to be honest at the right time. The basic principle behind Aristotles Virtue Theory is not to have any virtue in excess or less but with the right amount that is required during a situation (Yu 2013). The table below compares Aristotles virtue ethics with consequentialism and non-consequentialism theories. Aristotles Virtue Ethics Consequentialist Theory Non-Consequentialist Theory States that to achieve happiness in life cultivating the inherent virtues is necessary and that too much or too less of any virtue is unnecessary but the right amount of virtue at the right time is necessary. This theory states that the morality of an individual is judged on the final consequences of any action performed by the same. This theory states that the morality of a person depends on the intention behind any action that is performed by the same irrespective of the outcomes the action may have. Advices to give less focus on morality while cultivating a strong virtuous character. The theory depends on the morality of a person. The theory measures the level of moral character of an individual. Example: It is unnecessary to be angry at all times but is needed to be angry at the right time. Example: A person saves a dog from an accident. If the dog makes a child happy, then saving the dog shows morality. If the dog harms anyone then saving it is immoral. Example: A person saving a dog from an accident shows morality irrespective of the consequences of saving it. Table 1: Comparison between Aristotles Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism and Non-Consequentialism (Source: Thuniambral 2017) Relevance of Kelloggs CSR Statement with Kantian Theory The CSR statement made by Kelloggs claims to provide products to its customers that will preserve the health of the society. Kelloggs claims that it sells nutritious products that provide a healthy lifestyle to its customers rather than damaging them. However, the results of Food Commission in 2001 on the tests conducted on 18 breakfast nutrition bars of Kelloggs prove otherwise. The commission reports that all the tested bars exceed the sugar content that is recommended by nutritionists and 10 of these bars have excessive amount of fat, which is harmful for the health of any individual (Kelloggcompany.com 2017). Kantian theory states that a right action or a wrong action can be judged depending on the fulfilment of the objective rather than the result it causes (Follesdal and Maliks 2013). Kellogg claims in its CSR statement that its objective is to provide healthy and nutritious product to its clients. However, the test results mentioned above shows that it has failed in its goal. Therefore, quoting Kantian theory it can be said that Kellogg was not sincere in its CSR statement, which was made to convince the stakeholders regarding its social responsibility as a company (choices 2017). Perspectives of Fair Trade Fair Trade often brings to focus some of the crucial aspects of World Trade Rules that has widened the gap between the rich and the poor. That is why fair trades are often grounded in assumption that it is motivating the general mass against slave labour and providing justice to poor farmers. There are other perspectives as well that fair trade can bring to the focus of the general people (Fair Trade 2017). Most of the branded products are manufactured by people from the lowest economical status who cannot afford the goods they create themselves. Provisions should be made so that these people can afford their own creations (Fair Trade 2017). The rich countries export surplus harvest to the poor countries rendering the harvest of the farmers in the poor countries worthless. Fair Trade focuses on this matter and ensures that the poor farmers of the underdeveloped and developing countries get fare share for their harvest (Fair Trade 2017). Many people die due to infectious diseases per year worldwide, as they cannot afford the right medicine in time. This perspective can be considered on fair trade to provide the life saving drugs at reasonable price so that the poor people can afford to save their lives (Fair Trade 2017). Corporate houses should have responsibility towards the global community, as the business of any organisation is solely dependent on it. An organisation should be responsible for all its employees who serve under its domain. It is necessary for all corporations to look after the welfare of even the lowest category employee to maintain a steady performance in every level of the organisation (Fair Trade 2017). References Arbogast, S.V., 2013. Resisting corporate corruption: Cases in practical ethics from Enron through the financial crisis. John Wiley Sons. Bishop, W.H., 2013. The role of ethics in 21st century organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3), pp.635-637. Carroll, A.B., 2013. Business ethics: Brief readings on vital topics. Routledge. choices, M. 2017. Making healthy choices for children information and buying guides. [online] CHOICE. Available at: https://www.choice.com.au/media-and-news/consumer-news/news/childrens%20snack%20bars%20unhealthy.aspx [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Follesdal, A. and Maliks, R., 2013. Kantian theory and human rights (Vol. 56). Routledge. Kelloggcompany.com. 2017. Kellogg Company | Corporate Responsibility Report. [online] Available at: https://www.kelloggcompany.com/en_US/corporate-responsibility.html [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Sims, R.R. and Brinkmann, J., 2003. Enron ethics (or: culture matters more than codes). Journal of Business ethics, 45(3), pp.243-256. Thuniambral, S., 2017. Unit-4 Ethics in Modern Philosophy. IGNOU. YouTube. 2017. Aristotle's Virtue Ethics. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruPdUxkqqoAfeature=youtu.be [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. YouTube. 2017. Oxfam Fair Trade Clips. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mgPEP8HAssfeature=youtu.be [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Yu, J., 2013. The ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of virtue (Vol. 7). Routledge.

Information Society free essay sample

In many societies today, evidence exists of an increase in information that has opened a floodgate of knowledge, thereby putting a dent into human ignorance and significantly changing various aspects of life including education, communication, business and societal living. It is this prevalence of information that has led to the birth of what theoreticians refer to as the ‘information society’. It is not known exactly when the information society came into being, but it is believed that originated in Japan in 1964 according to (Duff, 1996 p. 119). Moreover, (Martin, 1995 p. 2) also notes that Masuda, one of its founders came to the realization that â€Å"the making of information values became the formative force for the development of society. † This new society also conceptualized in the mind of the economist, Fritz Machlup, who studied the role of knowledge in American societies. He felt especially concerned about how certain practices restricted competition, particularly, the patent system. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He observed the cost of the patent system in contrast to its benefits, and consequently, was forced to inquire into the educational system. He investigated how the United States, as a nation, produced knowledge. His inquiry led him not only to investigate scientific and technical information, but all schooling, elementary though graduate education. He was able to distinguish five division of the knowledge sector and, as a consequence, calculated that in 1959 twenty-nine percent (29%) of the Gross National Product (GNP) in the United States of America had been produced in knowledge industries. Other proponents of the concept include Peter Drucker who has argued that there is a transition from an economy based on material goods to one based on knowledge. Yet another line of argument is that of Daniel Bell who pointed out that the number of employees producing services and information is an indicator for the informational character of a society. He adds further that in such a society, what counts is not raw muscle power or energy, but information. In addition, Jean-Francois Lyotard contends that â€Å"Knowledge has become the principle force of production over the last few decades. To add to this list of proponents’ points of view is a claim made by the former Minister of Tourism in Antigua Barbuda, Honorable Harold Lovell, who said that, â€Å"We have long drifted away from the days when the livelihood of society depended largely on the cultivation of food crops to one in which information and services take priority. † What then is the information society? T here is no universally accepted definition of the concept of information society; as it is conceptualized differently by various writers. For example, in the article â€Å"Introduction: Information Society Studies† Frank Webster writes that the information society is seen by its advocates to be as different from Industrialism as the Industrial Society was from its predecessor, the Agricultural Society. He expatiates by saying that from that perspective, people in the industrial era made their living by the sweat of their brow, dexterity of their hands, by working in factories to manufacture products. In contrast, in the information society, â€Å"Livelihoods are increasingly made by the appliance and manipulation of information, be it software design, branding, or financial services, and the output is not so much a tangible thing as a change in image, relationship or perception. † However, despite this view, some uncertainty still exists as to its definition as it is yet to be determined if the concept is evolutionary or revolutionary. However, for the purpose of this paper, the following definition will be used: A society characterized by a high level of information intensity in the everyday life of most of its citizens, in most organizations and workplaces, by the use of common or compatible technology for a wide range of personal, social, educational and business activities, and by the ability to transmit and receive digital data rapidly between places irrespective of distances. † (Aerythstwyth module The Net Result 1) According to research literature, the informa tion society is replete with benefits, but emerging alongside this view is a contradictory school of thought which argues that this new society is not without significant pitfalls. Therefore, this paper will examine the tenets of the information society in order to unearth its advantages and disadvantages. To determine the pros and the cons of the concept, it is necessary to consider various definitions and perspectives of its two key terms: ‘information’ and ‘society’ as put forward by authorities from different fields. Definitions of Key Terms The term ‘information’ is not confined to any one definition; it is used in a wide range of contexts and means different things to different people. In the article, Information-as-Thing, Buckland (1991) considers it as having to do with becoming informed, with the reduction of ignorance and uncertainty. Despite this perception, he contends that the term is itself ‘ambiguous’, but he adopts an approach which identifies and classifies the many uses of the word into three principle uses: information-as-process, information-as-knowledge and information-as-thing. Moreover, he puts forward the view that information goes beyond mere communication to include data, text, documents, objects and events—things from which individuals are informed. His third category, information-as-thing, meets with strong theoretical objections. One opposing line of argument is that presented by Wiener in (Machlup 1983, p. 642). He argues that â€Å"Information is information, not material nor energy. † As a counter response, Buckland maintains that to restrict information to the context of communication is remissive of his third category of the uses of the word. He explains that the noun ‘information’ has two basic meanings: (1) the telling of something or (2) that which is told. These, he asserts, are either analogies and metaphors or concoction from the condoned appropriation of a word that had not been meant by earlier users. Another objection to ‘information-as-thing’ is proffered by Fairthorne (1954). He notes that, â€Å"Information is an attribute of the receiver’s knowledge and interpretation of the signal, neither of the sender’s nor some omniscient observer’s nor of the signal itself. † Nevertheless, he accedes that the language is as it is used, and as such one cannot dismiss â€Å"information-as-thing† so long as it is a commonly used meaning of the term â€Å"information†. The very nature of the objection would seem to confirm the observation that the word, ‘information’ is not without ambiguity. In addition to the foregoing definitions of the word information, another insight is that which is entered into the sixth edition of Harrods Librarians’ Glossary, which states that information is â€Å"an assemblage of data in a comprehensive form, recorded on paper or some other medium and capable of communication. † On the other hand, The Standard Dictionary of Computers and Information Processing renders it as â€Å"the meaning assigned to data by known conventions. Thus data are the marks, such as characters, signs or symbols themselves, whereas the knowledge assigned to this is information. ’ A controversy now exists between the concepts of ‘data’ and ‘information’ because the two terms are often used synonymously, but this need not confuse the issue, for data is not the same as information. Data is really the unevaluated facts or the raw material of information which can occur in different forms, namely, signals, symbols or characters. In essence, information is really data processed into a meaningful and communicable form and thus constitutes knowledge which is capable of effecting change. Society’, the second term of the concept, ‘information society’ also has a variety of definitions, but for the purpose of this paper is that recorded in the Longman Dictionary of the English Language, which declares that society is ‘a community, nation or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, and collective activities and interests. ’ Although the two terms have a numerous meanings in various fields, it is an undisputed fact that information does have an impact, positive or negative, on society. One only has to look at every strata of society to see our high level of dependence on information. In addition, (Webster p. 19) points out, â€Å"We have achieved an information society when the preponderance of occupations is found in information work. † Similarly, Peter Otto and Philipp Sonntag (1985) say that an information society is â€Å"a society where the majority of its employees work in information jobs; that is, they have to deal with information, signals, symbols and images [rather] than with energy and matter. † Information was always a social fact; there was never a time in human history that information, as per the foregoing definitions and perspectives, was not a part of societal life. The caveman’s attempt at drawing on the walls of his primitive home, his signs, symbols, and artifacts all testify to the presence of information in society. Its impact since those early years has shaped the structure of society and life in general, but its transforming influence was especially felt at the turn of the twentieth century—the Enlightening Era. New technological inventions, new modes of travel, the dramatic increase of medical knowledge, not to mention the introduction of new machines in education, communication and business, testify to the metamorphic effect of the information society. In light of these points, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that the information society possess remarkable merits. Therefore, this paper will now examine the advantages and disadvantages of the information society. Advantages Social value As stated earlier, information was always an intrinsic component of society. However, its preponderance is a key into the modern world and has also given rise to the development of technological innovations, particularly, the introduction of information technology, a core element of the information society. It is probably this more than anything else that has paved the way for information’s influence at all levels of societal life. One only has to look at the greatly improved accessibility to information to realize its effect. With the aid of information technology, we are able to access not only constant but up-to-date information. Moreover, the velocity, efficiency and ease with which information is transmitted serve to bridge geographical distances creating linkages between people and businesses. It is also true that conventional modes of communication are being eroded by new methods, such as electronic networking. Why write a letter when it is easier to communicate with others around the globe by text messaging or e-mail with almost instantaneous response? Furthermore the language barrier becomes non- existent as software that translates information to required languages is also a part of this form of networking. Of significance is the fact that these methods of communication are conducive to business, education and even entertainment. No longer does a business contract have to be negotiated face-to-face; instead, video conferencing through the internet has narrowed the divide between partners in commerce. Similarly, research information that was once obtained only from volumes of books is now available via the internet. Clearly, the information society seems destined to reform the status quo and its influence is readily accepted by all classes in society. Disadvantages It is accepted that there is an increase of information in society today, but critics argue that its preponderance is not sufficient evidence to support the view of an information society. It is more feasible to conclude that its growth has led to the development of technological innovations such as information technology rather than the birth of a new society. They argue that the form and function of information is subordinate to long-established principles and practices, insisting that the central feature of the present is its continuity with the past. Another objection, put forward by Frank Webster. He argues that if technology is the main criterion for defining a society; then, this new era should be seen as a high-tech society or an automated age. He questions the designation â€Å"information† in a society in which technology is key. Furthermore, he maintains, â€Å"If there is just more information then it is hard to understand why anyone should suggest that we have before us something radically new. † This view is also held by Kevin Robins as he suggests that: â€Å"Today’s Information Society continues and deepens long-established patterns rather than announces a new age. † Despite the fact that technological innovations have electronically integrated people, they equally isolate them, lessening the impact of the human touch. A typical example is this very programme. Students from different parts of the world are required to visit the University once per year and, though this is a learning experience, it raises the query as to the effect of the virtual classroom on students’ performance. The cost of travel is also another critical consideration. The need for safety and privacy is another matter of concern in the information society, for although information technology has made ommunication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has no fool proof security against invasion of privacy and safety of information. As Martin (1995) puts it, â€Å"As more networks come online, transaction generated information about individual citizens can be mixed and matched †¦ digital data is unregulated. † As a consequence, many unsuspecting persons have been known to be the victims of hackers, whose sole intent is to distort information that has been channeled through different information sources. In a similar fashion, crimes such as electronic fraud, identity theft child pornography and prostitution have become common via technological information sources. Clearly, the information society is not all it is purported to be. Advantages Employment and the economy The emergence of the information society heralds new and more cost-effective strategies for addressing the economic sector of society. As Stonier (1991 p. 257 ) succinctly puts it, â€Å"The most important input into modern productive systems is no longer land, labour, or capital—it is information. Embedded in this statement is the suggestion that information is the panacea for problems arising in the economy. Undoubtedly, the use of information and communication technologies greatly reduces the need for standardized and manual production, but encourages a more diversified, knowledge based production of goods and services. Additionally, they provide opportunities for improved productivity thus strengthening the g rowth of the economy while generating new jobs. The question however is how to create and maintain awareness of the potential of new approaches to organization of work. The solution lies in education. Information technology plays a dominant role in educational curricula and its inclusion in institutions of learning have only served to prepare individuals for the information-based working arena that typify the information society. The result of this initiative has culminated in the emergence and growth of new information-centered professions including computer and information managers, librarians and computer scientists. Moreover, most single and corporate employment firms demand employees be computer literate in order to stay abreast with the current knowledge trend that the world of commerce has now become. The relevance of this stipulation is borne out even by our Aberystwyth Open Learning program. In view of the fact that it significantly incorporates distance learning. Of what benefit would it be to the student who is not conversant with computer programming? Another commendable point to consider in favour of the information society is the fact that in such a society, production is not entirely dependent on the presence of the employee in the actual work place. By means of technological networking an employee is able to perform his duty from miles away. The same is also true for banking, trading and the like. In fact, trade convenience internet provides the source through which businesses can post an advertisement for selling any product. Similarly, a consumer can successfully purchase a product via the Internet. Undoubtedly, the information society has made wrought significant changes in personal and societal life. Disadvantages While it is true that the information society with its technological innovations has significantly and positively impacted the world economy, it is also equally true that its emergence has brought with it a number of factors that do negatively affect society. Implied in Stonier’s observation above is a heavy reliance on technology. People depending on, for example, computerized systems are at a loss, unable to manage should these machines become unavailable. Such reliance on technological sources of information would seem to devalue natural human ingenuity. In addition to this is the possibility of job losses as computers are now used to perform tasks in the work place that were once done manually. Another negative line of argument is that which deals with information overload. It is an undisputed fact that the information society connotes a vast body of information. However, as an Antiguan colloquial term says, â€Å"Too much of one thing is good for nothing. † and the internet as well as other information and communication technology are replete with information, but this information is sometimes of no value to the user especially if it is not current data. Thus information overload is a veritable problem in the information society. Dutton (2005) must have been of the same opinion as he writes, â€Å"The reality of today’s networks includes a large-scale nature and omplexity, increasing congestion and alternative behaviors of users of the networks, as well as interactions between the networks themselves. † Advantages Global implications The global community also stands to gain from technological innovations of the information society. Networking is an integral component of information technology. Consequently, information can be shared across the world’s community. Of special value is the ease with which diverse, but pertinent information is transmitted particularly during a crisis. A case in point is that which deals with the transmission and communication of metrological data. As is the custom, prior to the hurricane season in the Caribbean metrological personnel usually inform citizens of the eminence of a storm often correlating their statistical data using technological impressions. Of note too is the ability of technological implements to cut through the cultural divide. Despite cultural differences, people are able to work together, sharing ideas that benefit them both educationally and socially. For example, like the University of Aberystwyth, the University of the West Indies Jamaica and Barbados also offer students opportunities for study through distance education by means of teleconferencing, an offspring of technology. This is especially effective since it is cost-effective and in addition, it fosters relationships between people of different cultures and walks of life. Disadvantages A major disadvantage to the notion of global unity is the sad fact that sources of technology is not always equitable and affordable especially that individuals have constantly to update their systems. Additionally, in countries where technological innovation is still a novel experience, the demand for use far exceeds government’s ability to supply. For this reason a large number of citizens in some parts of the world are technologically illiterate. Conclusion Given the advantages and disadvantages of the information society, it is hard to ignore its presence if one operates from the premise that the preponderance of information and the subsequent development of technological sources through which information is transmitted, constitutes an information society. On the other hand, if one holds to the view that an increase of information does not necessarily justify the prefix ‘information’ to society, but view it as a continuity of data that is channeled and transmitted through technological inventions, then one could easily conclude that an information society does not exist. However, it would be ludicrous to deny the positive effects, despite the negative ones of technological innovations in present society.

Math geography unit 1 review Essay Example

Math geography unit 1 review Essay Example Math geography unit 1 review Essay Math geography unit 1 review Essay Please identify the following terms defined below, then sketch the term in the space provided. An exact location in space with an indefinite shape and size. An object with no thickness that extends infinitely in two directions. Part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all the points in between. Part of a line consisting of one endpoint and extending infinitely in one direction. 5. Rays that share a common endpoint, but continue infinitely in opposite directions. A flat surface that continues infinitely in all directions. Points that lie on the same line. Points that do not lie on the same line. Points that lie on the same plane. 10. Points that do not lie on the same plane. REVIEW: ANGLE BASICS 11. A figure consisting of two non-collinear rays with a common endpoint. 12. The common endpoint of the two rays forming an angle. 13. An angle wit 14. N a measure less than An angle with a measure greater than 900 15. An angle with a measure of 900. 16. An angle with a measure of 1800. . Two angles that have a common vertex and side, but no common interior points. 18. Two non-adjacent angles formed by intersecting lines. 19. A pair of angles whose non-common sides are opposite rays. A pair of angles that add up to 1800. A pair of angles that add up to 900. A segment, ray, line, or plane that cuts an angle in half. Refer to the figure at right to name each of the following. 23. A line containing point A _ 24. A line passing through B: 25. Two points collinear with point

Change and culture case study Part ONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change and culture case study Part ONE - Essay Example But the fact remains that many such mergers and acquisitions (M&A) do not go as planned and have either failed or did not achieve the desired results. One primary reason (among many others) is the clash of diverse organizational cultures that exist within individual organization that were merger or acquired) making its presence felt in the new entity. This paper is a report with regard to the management of organizational culture in ABC Healthcare, an organization formed through the merger of two similar healthcare providers, namely XYZ Healthcare and ABC Dental Services. The problems faced, soon after the merger and, the steps taken to solve them (organizational change) will be discussed after which the end results of the effort will be provided in the concluding section. The organizational structure of the new entity is also provided in the appendix. ABC Dental Care, a highly efficient and well run organization is now being merged with XYZ Healthcare to form a new entity called ABC Healthcare. The latter company is much larger and has three departments, namely cardiology, nephrology, and urology. Threats of a new hospital coming up in the neighborhood resulted in the above mentioned merger. The employees of ABC Healthcare have no practical experience in handling outpatients, while those of the latter had no experiencing in dental care and hygiene. But ABC Healthcare was proud about its quality of service and felt that it was superior to those given by other healthcare units. They were also a little apprehensive about their lack of experience in handling inpatients. The merger was a cultural disaster since both groups kept to themselves except in case of emergencies. This issue was solved though the practical applications of theory as given in the following sections. It would be pertinent to mention a few facts about mergers and acquisitions in this context. According to a Bouno the main motive

ISM Code, Costa Concordia capsize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ISM Code, Costa Concordia capsize - Essay Example The ISM code principles are as follows: All these ISM code principles can be implemented if only proper training facility to the officials. These training facilities are been given with the help of HRM principles which increases the human resource by proper training and implementation. The development of human recourses management has facilitated in increasing number of skilled officials. The officials in shipping industry like captain, major, emergency unit etc are appointed from the HRM having full knowledge of HRM principles. The safety management in shipping industry under IMO (International Maritime Organization) has implemented ISM facilities to the industry. The ISM code under the IMO has several guidelines like operation of the ships with the framework for proper development. Pollution prevention strategies are a good practice of the industry under the principles of ISM code. The ISM code is made compulsory since 1998. This code enables Safety Management System (SMS) to establish by every company of shipping industry. These SMS are defines by the person like managers or bareboat character who is assumed to be the person who regulates the ship operations regularly. This facility of SMS in ISM code is useful in the emergency times of accidents like the case of drowning of ship in Costa Concordia in Italy in July 2012. Due to the deficiency in the emergency signal, the accident took place, as per the evidences (IMO, 2014). The ISM code has been set up in the industry to ensure the safety and pollution prevention of environment. Thus for the betterment of the shipping industry and the development of safety in the industry, it needs proper managerial efficiencies in work-force which is given by the implementation of HRM strategies. Human Resource Management is a strategic management of the workforce for dealing and upgrading organisations in various industrial fields. The main principles of

Media Essays Media Violence Society

Media Essays Media Violence Society Media Violence Society Media violence has been one of our biggest problems in our community. Violence comes from every age, from a child to an adult. Violence has increased every year because people do not understand how important our life is and do not take it serious. Media violence occurs when people do not have common sense and do not take responsibility. There are couple cases that think that media violence causes society violence, and two against it. Most cases of media violence come from movies, games, and the influence people have on others, all of which have shown someone or something crucifying anything in its path. Those are some ideas about media violence throughout our society. There are two people whose lives were only about killing; it was as if it was in their nature. Stone’s most controversial film, â€Å"Natural Born Killers† was mimicked by murderers Ben Darras, and Sarah Edmondson. Darras and Edmondson have killed over fifty two people and, in the course of their actions have become media celebrities. Both of them have a history in their life that is unforgettable. The public made this inconclusive accusation despite the troubled past of both of the offenders. Oliver Stones said â€Å"Ben and Sarah are deeply disturbed youths with histories of drug and/or alcohol abuse and psychiatric treatment. Ben’s alcoholic father divorced his mother twice, and then committed suicide. Sarah carried a gun because she feared that Ben would attack her†. Obviously, there were many factors inducing their criminal behavior further more complicated than just watching a movie and doing what you have just seen. Many cases like this one have bee n pointing fingers at movies for the actions of disturbed youths, doing so is a ridiculous attempt to find a quick answer to an excessively complicated matter. Michael Zimecki believes that â€Å"ideas have consequences† and that is why the ideas expressed in a movie have a negative effect on society. To support his opinion he uses several examples of crimes that have been committed in the past and are similar to movie scenes. For example in 1993 a 9 year old girl was raped with a bottle at the beach by a group of juveniles, this incident was believed to be induced by the movie â€Å"Born Innocent† where a plunger was used to rape a victim. A boy from Pennsylvania died from imitating a movie called, â€Å"The Program†. He died in the center lane of a highway where he got ran over by a car. Michael Zimecki also uses a different approach to support his theory, he compares movies to pollution. He states â€Å"a polluter should not be allowed to escape responsibility for his actions simply because environmentally induced cancers are late-developing. Violence too, can fester for years†. Zimecki believes that societal violence is displayed excessively and needs to come to an end he asserts â€Å"the hour has come at last, and the rough beast that the poet William Butler warned about is already born†. Some kids think that it is â€Å"cool† to do what happens in the movies, but sometimes what happens in the movies is not safe. Movies can change people’s behavior and personality. Violent movies promote the minds of young kids who do not know what they are doing, but they get hurt in the process of poisoning their minds. Rated â€Å"R† movies that show killing and blood are the movies that kids are not suppose to see, but those kids that do are the ones that change because they think that it is â€Å"cool† to kill people, so they try it. Killing has lead to family separation, rising of violence with in the family, and in the society. That is what happens when these children try to do what they see without knowing if it is possible in real life. Gregg Easterbrook has been working for the New Republic for the past four years and has written magazines of beliefs and values. Easterbrook states that â€Å"movie and television violence has a serious effect on childrens propensity to behave violently later in life†. This theory has been question for years and it still is, but still many people have found connections between media violence and societal violence. At the age of nineteen is when the mind of children has developed enough to know that violence is never the answer and that all kids are doing is hurting them selves. Many kids below the age of nineteen may think that is normal to act in a violent way and becoming juvenile prisoners. There are many movies that people have seen that show a very high amount of violent and blood like the movie â€Å"Scream†. This movie starts by a teen girl watching her boyfriend getting punished. Thought out the whole movie students get hung, tortured and cut to death. Movies li ke this can encourage children to do the same thing since they find what they see very amusing. Many people have died from others mimicking what they have seen in the movies and have been killed or sent to jail for a very long time and won’t be coming out any soon. Maggie Cutler has seen media violence and has ideas of what has happened through out the years. Cutler said, â€Å"Media violence is a risk factor that, working with others, can acerbate bad behavior†. She affirms with the idea of aggressive and brutal matters that have multiplied within the United States. Crime rates of juveniles have decreased about thirty percent in the United States. The media has been reducing the principles for accepting profanity. Further more, Cutler points out that â€Å"given the overall juvenile crime count in 1997 the report implied, some 250 murders and 12,100 other violent crimes would not have been committed if it were not for the likes of Batman Beyond†. She comments that on August of 1999 a Senator reported that â€Å"television alone is responsible for 10 percent of youth violence†. Cutler believes that this subject is too complex to study conclusively. There are some facts and ideas of what our nation has turned into with in th e years. Scott Barbour strongly believes that media violence does not cause societal violence in teens. He supports his idea by stating that laboratory tests cannot be generalized to the real world. Barbour believes the teenagers’ results may be influenced by the adult researchers, he quotes Durkin associate of psychology â€Å"Even quite young children are good at working out what adults want them to do, or will let them get away with.† Another testing method he implies is invalid is correlation studies. Barbour suggests that the results cannot be taken into serious consideration because â€Å"it could just as reasonably be argued that viewing violent television programs is caused by the child’s preexisting tendency to be aggressive†. He also quotes Jonathan Freedman psychology professor at The University of Toronto when comparing boys’ tendencies to girls’ tendencies in relation to personality characteristics. Boys watch and play football more than girls do, and it is not because television influences them to, it is because of personality characteristics. Barbour believes that a child’s violent personality is induced by bad parenting. Stuart Fischoff is a professor of psychology at California State University, Los Angeles. Fischoff has studied media violence and real-world violence and cannot find a connection between them. Nothing states that media violence causes societal violence. He believes that anyone who studies media violence can have a thought of what people may do in the real world; it is not proven that everyone will do it. It is up to how people think, how they can take certain things, and if their common sense can change their life in a good way or ruin it by doing the wrong. Many people that are against media violence think that â€Å"The plethoric effluence of screen violence, murder and mayhem is an undisputed menace to society†. That is what the opposing side has to say against what many people think about media violence. In Conclusion, media violence has taken place since the day we were born, but it has grown by the years mostly because of the messages sent out to the public. Movies reach people who do not know what their purpose in life is, so they go do the first thing they like or see. It starts off by imitating a movie people enjoy, then killing people who have done nothing to you. It can also be that you have an immature mind that has not grown into what would let you realize common sense. People have observed and realized that our humanity has been taken over by what most people would find most entertaining but deadly to perform at the same time. Some people may think that media violence is not connected to societal violence because they have the proof that we have. That is why people think media violence has been one of our biggest tribulations in the world. Works Cited OConnor, Tom: Environmental Factors Contribute to Juvenile Crime and Violence. Juvenile Crime. Auriana Ojeda, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints ® Series. Greenhaven Press 2002. Cutler, Maggie: Research on the Effects of Media Violence on Children Is Inconclusive. Is Media Violence a Problem? James D. Torr, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press 2002 Fischoff, Stuart: â€Å"No link between media violence and youth violence has been established†, Opposing viewpoints: Media violence. Ed. Louis and Gerdes, San Diego: Greenhaven press 2002 Zimecki, Michael: â€Å"Violent Films cry a fire† in Crowded Theaters. From Patters for college writing (9th Ed.) Laurie Kiszner and Stephen Madell. Bedford/St. Martins Boston 2004. Page 612 Stone, Oliver: Memo to John Grisham: What’s next -â€Å"A movie made me do it†? From Patterns for college Writing (9th Ed.) Laurie Kiszner and Stephen Madell. Bedford/St. Martins Boston 2004. Page 607 Easterbrook, Gregg: â€Å"Media Violence Makes People More Violent†. At Issue: Is Media Violence a Problem? Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002

Abercrombie & Fitch Essay -- History Background Essays

Abercrombie & Fitch In America today, there are many different clothing stores. There are stores setting images for all ages, and styles. The majority of the upper-class stores are setting the American image for the young adult population. Many of the advertisements for these stores are somewhat similar. I have spent the last year and a half working in a clothing store called, â€Å"Abercrombie and Fitch†. Seeing this store change and grow with its image of vintage American clothing, I have found many rhetorical issues. Within this essay I will be discussing the many rhetorical issues of the clothing company â€Å"Abercrombie and Fitch†. Abercrombie and Fitch, a clothing company, that advertises, to the American young adult population, was founded in 1892 by two men; David T. Abercrombie and Ezra Fitch. David T. Abercrombie was born in Baltimore and was a former inventor and taper. Ezra Fitch was a successful lawyer. David convinced Ezra to become his partner in 1892, when the company was founded. By 1904 Abercrombie was the largest outdoor equipment and clothing store in the US. Today A&F is one of the biggest clothing companies, selling the â€Å"all-American† vintage look. When Abercrombie advertises a new season, the company goes all out. Whether it is fall, winter, spring or summer, the advertisements are all promoting the same things. These advertisements are full of either slim or buff young adults, modeling the A&F clothing line. Posters of models are hung all around the store. Abercrombie catalogs are made available to purchase in the store, and there is also the option to receive the catalog in the mail. The shopping bags even have these characteristic models on them. Not only do these magazines, pos... ...son. I realize that when advertising clothes for a company that a company want the image to look good and appealing. I think that A&F has so many problems with their company, because of the people they use as their models. Not just anyone can model for A&F. The standards are very high, which makes becoming an Abercrombie model challenging. I really don’t have a problem with the way A&F advertises their company, but I can see where some people might think that it is wrong. Abercrombie is setting this image of what the look should be for the men and women wearing the clothing. A&F is mainly trying to sell to the young adult era, not the teeny bobber era. Using beautiful people, to set the â€Å"all American† vintage image, season after season is something that is part of the A&F Company. It sets a fun and comfortable look for the young men and women of America today.

Spatial Comparisons of Organotin Contamination in Common Seafood Species Collected in Hong Kong Waters

Spatial Comparisons of Organotin Contamination in Common Seafood Species Collected in Hong Kong Waters Content 1 ) Working title†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P.3 2 ) Background of study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..P.3 3 ) Mechanism of biosorption†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P.4 4 ) Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P.6 5 ) Hypothesis for the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.P.7 6 ) Overall undertaking aim†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P.8 7 ) Specific objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P.8 8 ) Problems to be overcome†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P.8 9 ) Hazard assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.P.9 9.1 Laboratory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.P.9 9.2 Field visit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.P.9 10 ) Schedule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.P.10 11 ) References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P.11Working rubric:Spatial comparings of organotin taint in common seafood species collected in Hong Kong WaterssBackground of surveyOrganotin compounds are used for a assortment of applications, including antifouling pigments for ship hulls, wood preservatives, and UV stabilizers in plastics. Organotin compounds are considered to be one of the hormone disruptors since legion Marine beings exposed to tribyltyltin ( TBT ) or triphentyltin ( TPT ) exhibit sexual abnormalcies ( Yamabe et al. , 2000 ) . Organotin compounds are hydrophobic due to the presence of hydrocarbon substituents and therefore their solubility in H2O is comparatively little ( Yi et al. , 2012 ) . Wide distribution, high hydrophobicity, a nd continuity of organotin compounds have raised concern about their bioaccumulation, their possible biomagnification in the nutrient webs, and their inauspicious effects to the human wellness and environment ( Galloway, 2006 ; Nakanishi,2007 ; Takahashi et al. , 1999 ; Veltman et al. , 2006 ) . In consciousness of the unsought impacts of TBT, attempts have been undertaken in order to happen a planetary solution to this job and legal demands have been enforced to protect the aquatic environment. The International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) called for a planetary pact that bans the application of TBT-based pigments get downing 1 January 2003, and entire prohibition by 1 January 2008 ( CD,2002 ; IMO,2001 ) Several carnal experiments have suggested that the spectrum of possible inauspicious chronic systemic effects of organotins in worlds is rather wide and includes primary immunosuppressive, endocrinopathic, neurotoxic metabolic, and enzymatic activity, every bit good as possible eyepiece, cuticular, cardiovascular, upper respiratory, pneumonic, GI, blood dyscrasias, reproductive/teratogenic/developmental, liver, kidney, bioaccumulative, and perchance carcinogenic activity ( EU-SCOOP, 2006, Nakanishi, 2007 ; WHO-IPCS, 1999 ) . Hong Kong is a international port and the largest container lthroughout in the universe ( Marine Department of Hong Kong SAR, 2005 ) . Besides vessel activity in Hong Kong is continuously increasing within the see boundary ( 1600 kilometer2) . Most of sea traffic are intense around Victoria Harbour. It is between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula. These activities/facilities are major beginnings to let go of organotins compounds to local Marine environment. Besides, vessel-based pollutants can come from other country. For illustration, Yan Tian Port ( Shen Zhen ) . It is located near to Hong Kong boundary ( & lt ; 5km ) and started operation from 1996. With rapid development on sea traffic, organotins is an of import contamination in Hong Kong Waterss ( Leung et al. , 2006 ) 5 ) Hypothesis for the undertaking: -Ship activity is the chief beginning of organotins compunds. -Organotins can be accumulated through nutrient concatenationOverall undertaking purpose:– Analyse more than 6 compounds ( including TPT ) . – Comparison taint degree in different territories in Hong Kong. – Comparison taint degree in different species of common seafood. – Investigate the jobs caused by organotin taint. – Determine the beginnings of organotin. – And, seek to happen out the solution the prevent farther taint.Agenda:October ( hebdomad 10-14 )Week 8-13: Preparation of sampleNovember ( hebdomad 14-18 )Week 14-18: sample aggregation and categorizationDecember ( hebdomad 19-23 )Week 19-23: Sample analysisJanuary ( hebdomad 24-27 )Week 24-27: Writing for the DissertationFebruary ( hebdomad 28-31 )Week 28: Preparation for presentation Week 28: OralPresentation Week 29-35: Alteration of Dissertation Week35: Acme Draft of thesis to Prof.Kenneth LeungMarch ( hebdomad 36-44 )Week 36-44: Revision of thesis Week44: Acme Final version of thesisMentions:Cadmium Commission Directive 2002/62/EC of 9 July 2002. O J Eur Commun 2002 ; L183:58–9. EU-SCOOP. Revised appraisal of the hazards to wellness and the environment associated with the usage of the four organotin compounds TBT, DBT, DOT and TPT. Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection ; 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk_committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_047.pdf Accessed: 03/10/2014. Galloway, T. S. ( 2006 ) . Biomarkers in environmental and human wellness hazard appraisal.Marine pollution bulletin,53( 10 ) , 606-613. IMO. International Marine Organisation. International convention on the control of harmful antifouling systems on ships ; 2001. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp? topic_id=529 Accessed: 01/10/2014. Leung, K. M. , Kwong, R. P. , Ng, W. C. , Horiguchi, T. , Qiu, J. W. , Yang, R. , †¦ & A ; Lam, P. K. ( 2006 ) . Ecological hazard appraisals of hormone interrupting organotin compounds utilizing marine neogastropods in Hong Kong.Chemosphere,65( 6 ) , 922-938. Marine Department of Hong Kong SAR, 2005. Port of Hong Kong in Figures. 2005 Edition. Nakanishi, T. ( 2007 ) . Potential toxicity of organotin compounds via atomic receptor signaling in mammals.Journal of wellness scientific discipline,53( 1 ) , 1-9. Takahashi, S. , Mukai, H. , Tanabe, S. , Sakayama, K. , Miyazaki, T. , & A ; Masuno, H. ( 1999 ) . Butyltin residues in livers of worlds and wild tellurian mammals and in fictile merchandises.Environmental Pollution,106( 2 ) , 213-218. Veltman, K. , Huijbregts, M. A. , Van den Heuvel-Greve, M. J. , Vethaak, A. D. , & A ; Hendriks, A. J. ( 2006 ) . Organotin accretion in an estuarial nutrient concatenation: Comparing field measurings with theoretical account appraisals.Marine environmental research, 61( 5 ),511-530. WHO-IPCS. World Health Organisation. International Programme on ChemicalSafety. Tributyl compounds. Environmental wellness standards 116 ; 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc116.htm Accessed: 03/10/2014. Yamabe, Y. , Hoshino, A. , Imura, N. , Suzuki, T. , & A ; Himeno, S. ( 2000 ) . Enhancement of androgen-dependent written text and cell proliferation by tributyltin and triphenyltin in human prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells.Toxicology and applied pharmacological medicine,169( 2 ) , 177-184. Yi, A. X. , Leung, K. M. , Lam, M. H. , Lee, J. S. , & A ; Giesy, J. P. ( 2012 ) . Review of mensural concentrations of triphenyltin compounds in marine ecosystems and meta-analysis of their hazards to worlds and the environment.Chemosphere,89( 9 ) , 1015-1025. 1

Does Cell Phone Radiation Cause Cancer

Cell phones are almost as common as pocket change these days. It seems nearly everyone, including an increasing number of children, carries a cell phone wherever they go. Cell phones are now so popular and convenient that they are surpassing landlines as the primary form of telecommunication for many people. Health Risks In 2008, for the first time, Americans are expected to spend more on cell phones than on landlines, according to the U.S. Labor Department. We not only love our cell phones, we use them: Americans racked up more than a trillion cell phone minutes in the first half of 2007 alone. Yet, as cell phone use continues to grow, so does concern about the possible health risks of prolonged exposure to cell phone radiation. Cell Phones and Cancer Wireless cell phones transmit signals via radio frequency (RF), the same kind of low-frequency radiation used in microwave ovens and AM/FM radios. Scientists have known for years that large doses of high-frequency radiation—the kind used in X-rays—causes cancer, but less is understood about the risks of low-frequency radiation. Studies on the health risks of cell phone use have produced mixed results, but scientists and medical experts warn that people should not assume no risk exists. Cell phones have been widely available for only the past 10 years or so, but tumors may take twice that long to develop. Since cell phones haven’t been around very long, scientists haven’t been able to assess the effects of long-term cell phone use  or to study the effects of low-frequency radiation on growing children. Most studies have focused on people who have been using cell phones for three to five years, but some studies have indicated that using a cell phone an hour a day for 10 years or more can significantly increase the risk of developing a rare brain tumor. What Makes Cell Phones Dangerous M​ost RF from cell phones comes from the antenna, which sends signals to the nearest base station. The farther the cell phone is from the nearest base station, the more radiation it requires to send the signal and make the connection. As a result, scientists theorize that the health risks from cell phone radiation would be greater for people who live and work where base stations are farther away or fewer in number—and research is beginning to support that theory. In December 2007, Israeli researchers reported in the American Journal of Epidemiology that long-term cell phone users who live in rural areas face a consistently elevated risk of developing tumors in the parotid gland compared with users who live in urban or suburban locations. The parotid gland is a salivary gland located just below a person’s ear. And in January 2008, the French Health Ministry issued a warning against excessive cell phone use, especially by children, despite the lack of conclusive scientific evidence linking cell phone use with cancer or other serious health effects. In a public statement, the ministry said: As the hypothesis of a risk cannot be entirely excluded, precaution is justified. How to Protect Yourself From Cell Phone Radiation â€Å"Precaution† seems to be the approach recommended by an increasing number of scientists, medical experts, and public health agencies, from the French Health Ministry to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). General recommendations to minimize the potential health risks include talking on cell phones only when necessary  and using a hands-free device to keep the cell phone away from your head. If you’re concerned about your exposure to cell phone radiation, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires manufacturers to report the relative amount of RF absorbed into a user’s head (known as the specific absorption rate, or SAR) from every type of cell phone on the market today. To learn more about SAR and to check the specific absorption rate for your phone, check the FCC website.